Exam 3 Personality Psychology Chapter 14
Personality Processes Questions and Answers
Learning-Based Approaches: Two Simple Ideas - Answers-•Stimuli that occur close
together in time will come to elicit the same response.
•Behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes tend to be repeated; behaviors followed by
unpleasant outcomes tend to be dropped.
*Stimuli that occur close together in time will come to elicit the same response; for
example, air puffs and a bell ringing will both elicit blinking.*
.Learning - Answers-the change of behavior as a result or function of experience.
- explain personality in terms of the learning process
- implies everyone should behave the same in the same environment or situation
.Behaviorism Definition - Answers-study of how a person's behavior is a direct result of
his environment, particularly the rewards and punishments that the environment
contains
.Components of Behaviorism - Answers-- people should be studied from the outside
- personality is the sum of everything a person does
- Belief that the causes of behavior can be directly observed
- Goal: functional analysis
- Everything a person does and is, is learned though experience
.Behaviorism: People should be studied from the outside - Answers-All knowledge worth
having comes from direct, public observation; introspection is not valid because it
cannot be verified; environment is what's important.
.Behaviorism: Personality is the sum of everything a person does - Answers-does not
include anything that cannot be directly observed (traits, unconscious conflicts, etc.);
internal processes are not seen as important
.Behaviorism: Belief that the causes of behavior can be directly observed - Answers-
because the causes are in the environment (rewards and punishments in the physical
and social world)
.Functional analysis definition - Answers-determining how behavior is a function of one's
environment
.Habituation - Answers-a decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure to
something.
- Simplest form of behavior change
, - it can have important consequences
The impact of major life events lessens over time
.Important Consequences of Habituation - Answers-Become numb to violence displayed
in the media: exposure is related to more aggression and less empath
.Effects of habitation on happiness or sadness overtime? - Answers-(and there is
evidence that this decreases helping behavior), winning the lottery (winners are not
happier in the long run), and being paralyzed (people are not less happy in the long
run).
.Classical Conditioning - Answers-the kind of learning in which an unconditioned
response that is naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes elicited also by a new,
conditioned stimulus
.How classical conditioning works - Answers-- Pavolv's dog
- Learning that one stimulus is a warning or signal for another
- Stimulus-response (S-R) conception of personality:
.Classical conditioning affects normally involuntary processes - Answers-insulin release,
speed of heartbeat, nausea, opponent processes that lessen the effects of drugs, and
so on.
.Learned Helplessness - Answers-belief that nothing one does really matters; occurs
when events seem to happen randomly and cannot be predicted; produces anxiety and
depression
.Stimulus-response (S-R) conception of personality - Answers-Personality is our learned
repertoire of S-R associations; people are unique because they have different learning
histories.
.Operant Conditioning Definition - Answers-the process of learning in which an
organism's behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior on the environment
.Respondent conditioning definition - Answers-the conditioned response is essentially
passive with no impact of its own; another name for classical conditioning
.Operant Conditioning (skinner) - Answers-Operant conditioning: when the animal
learns to operate on the world in such a way as to change it to the animal's advantage
.Techniques of Operant Conditioning: Skinner - Answers-- Respondent vs. operant
- Reinforcement
- punishment
- shaping
- people are not always aware of the causes of their behavior
Personality Processes Questions and Answers
Learning-Based Approaches: Two Simple Ideas - Answers-•Stimuli that occur close
together in time will come to elicit the same response.
•Behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes tend to be repeated; behaviors followed by
unpleasant outcomes tend to be dropped.
*Stimuli that occur close together in time will come to elicit the same response; for
example, air puffs and a bell ringing will both elicit blinking.*
.Learning - Answers-the change of behavior as a result or function of experience.
- explain personality in terms of the learning process
- implies everyone should behave the same in the same environment or situation
.Behaviorism Definition - Answers-study of how a person's behavior is a direct result of
his environment, particularly the rewards and punishments that the environment
contains
.Components of Behaviorism - Answers-- people should be studied from the outside
- personality is the sum of everything a person does
- Belief that the causes of behavior can be directly observed
- Goal: functional analysis
- Everything a person does and is, is learned though experience
.Behaviorism: People should be studied from the outside - Answers-All knowledge worth
having comes from direct, public observation; introspection is not valid because it
cannot be verified; environment is what's important.
.Behaviorism: Personality is the sum of everything a person does - Answers-does not
include anything that cannot be directly observed (traits, unconscious conflicts, etc.);
internal processes are not seen as important
.Behaviorism: Belief that the causes of behavior can be directly observed - Answers-
because the causes are in the environment (rewards and punishments in the physical
and social world)
.Functional analysis definition - Answers-determining how behavior is a function of one's
environment
.Habituation - Answers-a decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure to
something.
- Simplest form of behavior change
, - it can have important consequences
The impact of major life events lessens over time
.Important Consequences of Habituation - Answers-Become numb to violence displayed
in the media: exposure is related to more aggression and less empath
.Effects of habitation on happiness or sadness overtime? - Answers-(and there is
evidence that this decreases helping behavior), winning the lottery (winners are not
happier in the long run), and being paralyzed (people are not less happy in the long
run).
.Classical Conditioning - Answers-the kind of learning in which an unconditioned
response that is naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes elicited also by a new,
conditioned stimulus
.How classical conditioning works - Answers-- Pavolv's dog
- Learning that one stimulus is a warning or signal for another
- Stimulus-response (S-R) conception of personality:
.Classical conditioning affects normally involuntary processes - Answers-insulin release,
speed of heartbeat, nausea, opponent processes that lessen the effects of drugs, and
so on.
.Learned Helplessness - Answers-belief that nothing one does really matters; occurs
when events seem to happen randomly and cannot be predicted; produces anxiety and
depression
.Stimulus-response (S-R) conception of personality - Answers-Personality is our learned
repertoire of S-R associations; people are unique because they have different learning
histories.
.Operant Conditioning Definition - Answers-the process of learning in which an
organism's behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior on the environment
.Respondent conditioning definition - Answers-the conditioned response is essentially
passive with no impact of its own; another name for classical conditioning
.Operant Conditioning (skinner) - Answers-Operant conditioning: when the animal
learns to operate on the world in such a way as to change it to the animal's advantage
.Techniques of Operant Conditioning: Skinner - Answers-- Respondent vs. operant
- Reinforcement
- punishment
- shaping
- people are not always aware of the causes of their behavior
