NURS 617 PHARM EXAM 1 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT EXPLAINED
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS!!
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER ✔ The process by which a medication
works on the body.
2. Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER ✔ The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
3. Pharmacogenomics - ANSWER ✔ The study of the influence of genetic
factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or
insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes
4. Medication side effect - ANSWER ✔ a nearly unavoidable secondary effect
of a drug produced at therapeutic doses which is generally predictable and
with an intensity that is dose-dependent
5. Adverse Effect - ANSWER ✔ A drug-induced, secondary effect of a drug
that produces a change in a patients condition that is noxious, harmful or
unpleasant, which requires treatment or reduction or discontinuation of the
drug and which usually occurs at therapeutic doses.
6. Type A adverse drug reactions - ANSWER ✔ exaggerated, but otherwise
expected pharmacological effect of a drug -> predictable and dose dependent
-> ex. toxicity of overdose, side effects, secondary effects, drug interactions
7. Type B adverse drug reactions - ANSWER ✔ idiosyncratic effects (not
expected) -> dose independent and unpredictable -> intolerance,
hypersensitivity, pseudo allergic, idiosyncratic
,8. Adaptive immunity - ANSWER ✔ long-term and very effective immunity.
Slow to develop, but has memory and more rapidly targets a second
infection.
Extremely specific and long-lived (provides long term protection against a
specific infectious agent)--> Create memory cells that can "remember" the
initial antigen that are rapidly activated if a second exposure occurs.
9. what are the products of adaptive immunity - ANSWER ✔ antibodies
(immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes that are specific from particular
antigens.
The effectors of immune response, lymphocytes and antibodies do not
preexist, but must be produced in response to infection.
10.Two types of adaptive immunity - ANSWER ✔ active and passive
11.Active acquired immunity - ANSWER ✔ produced by an individual either
after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization. Long-lived
12.Passive acquired immunity - ANSWER ✔ does not involve the host's
immune system at all. Ir occurs when antibodies or T lymphocytes are
transferred from a donor to the recipient.
13.Example of passive acquired immunity - ANSWER ✔ Maternal antibodies
across the placenta to the fetus or artificially as in a clinic using
immunotherapy.
Unvaccinated individuals might be given immunoglobulins that are prepared
from individuals who have created antibodies against a particular pathogen.
Breastfeeding. Short-lived because the donor's antibodies or T cells are
eventually destroyed
14.Lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ undergo extensive proliferation and
differentiation in the primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow).
When these cells leave primary lymphoid organs, they are
immunocompetent (they have the ability to respond to an antigen) but naive
(they have never been exposed to an antigen) → they enter the circulation
and migrate to secondary lymphoid organs (nodes, spleen)
,15.T lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ in the thymus
these make up 60 to 70% of circulating lymphocytes
16.B lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ in the bone marrow
10 to 20% of circulating lymphocytes
17.Clonal selection - ANSWER ✔ Phagocytic cell eats an antigen and present
the antigen to lymphocytes (antigen presenting cells) → allows
differentiation of immunocompetent B and T cells into highly specialized
effector cells.
18.T cells can develop into - ANSWER ✔ T-cytotoxic cell (Tc cell): identifies
and kills target cell . T-helper cell (Th cell): regular the immune response by
helping the clonal selection process. T-regulatory cell (Treg cell): suppress
or limit the immune response
19.Recognition and response - ANSWER ✔ The body is mounting an immune
response to a immunogenic antigen.
20.Molecules that recognize an antigen - ANSWER ✔ b lymphocytes and t
lymphocytes
21.B lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ (B-cell receptors) → antibody and antigen
receptors. B cell receptor complex: part of the antibody bound to the cell
surface that is involved in intracellular signaling (basically it recognizes an
antigen and communicates that information to the cell's nucleus)
22.T lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ (T-cell receptors)T-cell receptor complex:
composed of an antibody-like transmembrane protein and a group of
accessory proteins that are involved in intracellular signaling
23.Molecules that present the antigen - ANSWER ✔ Antigens need to be
processed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and presented by molecules of
the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
24.MHC molecules - ANSWER ✔ glycoproteins that are found on the surface
of every cell except red blood cells and that function in antigen presentation
, 25.IgA - ANSWER ✔ Dominant secretory immunoglobulin (Tears, saliva,
breast milk, colostrum).
Prevents attachment and invasion of pathogens through mucosal membranes.
Gives baby protection from infection in the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Can activate complement
26.IgD - ANSWER ✔ Found of the surface of B cells in blood and lymph.
Acts as an antigen receptor, important in activating B cells.
does not activate complement pathway
27.IgE - ANSWER ✔ Special class of antibody which helps protect against
infection with large parasitic worms (helminths).
ALSO THE CAUSE OF COMMON ALLERGIES (dust, bee stings, hay
fever).
On mature B cells, mast cells, on basophils and in blood
28.IgG - ANSWER ✔ On mature B cells
passes from mother to fetus to transfer immunity
29.IgM - ANSWER ✔ Largest immunoglobulin. First immunoglobulin
produced in response to an antigen.
This is produced by the fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy.
Can activate complement
On immature and mature B cells
30.Hypersensitivity reaction - ANSWER ✔ is an altered immunologic response
to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host
31.Type I - ANSWER ✔ (immediate), IgE mediated.
Effector cell: Mast cells dumping histamin granules. Most common allergies
(ex. pollen) or other environmental antigens.
Hives, urticaria, asthma
32.Type II - ANSWER ✔ (immediate), Tissue-specific (meaning that these
reactions are generally characterized by a specific call or tissue being the
target of an immune response). Effector cell: macrophages. IgG, IgM. cells
are destroyed by an immune response-macrophages. Some molecules act as
haptens, binding to cells and producing antibodies.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT EXPLAINED
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS!!
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER ✔ The process by which a medication
works on the body.
2. Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER ✔ The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
3. Pharmacogenomics - ANSWER ✔ The study of the influence of genetic
factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or
insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes
4. Medication side effect - ANSWER ✔ a nearly unavoidable secondary effect
of a drug produced at therapeutic doses which is generally predictable and
with an intensity that is dose-dependent
5. Adverse Effect - ANSWER ✔ A drug-induced, secondary effect of a drug
that produces a change in a patients condition that is noxious, harmful or
unpleasant, which requires treatment or reduction or discontinuation of the
drug and which usually occurs at therapeutic doses.
6. Type A adverse drug reactions - ANSWER ✔ exaggerated, but otherwise
expected pharmacological effect of a drug -> predictable and dose dependent
-> ex. toxicity of overdose, side effects, secondary effects, drug interactions
7. Type B adverse drug reactions - ANSWER ✔ idiosyncratic effects (not
expected) -> dose independent and unpredictable -> intolerance,
hypersensitivity, pseudo allergic, idiosyncratic
,8. Adaptive immunity - ANSWER ✔ long-term and very effective immunity.
Slow to develop, but has memory and more rapidly targets a second
infection.
Extremely specific and long-lived (provides long term protection against a
specific infectious agent)--> Create memory cells that can "remember" the
initial antigen that are rapidly activated if a second exposure occurs.
9. what are the products of adaptive immunity - ANSWER ✔ antibodies
(immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes that are specific from particular
antigens.
The effectors of immune response, lymphocytes and antibodies do not
preexist, but must be produced in response to infection.
10.Two types of adaptive immunity - ANSWER ✔ active and passive
11.Active acquired immunity - ANSWER ✔ produced by an individual either
after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization. Long-lived
12.Passive acquired immunity - ANSWER ✔ does not involve the host's
immune system at all. Ir occurs when antibodies or T lymphocytes are
transferred from a donor to the recipient.
13.Example of passive acquired immunity - ANSWER ✔ Maternal antibodies
across the placenta to the fetus or artificially as in a clinic using
immunotherapy.
Unvaccinated individuals might be given immunoglobulins that are prepared
from individuals who have created antibodies against a particular pathogen.
Breastfeeding. Short-lived because the donor's antibodies or T cells are
eventually destroyed
14.Lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ undergo extensive proliferation and
differentiation in the primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow).
When these cells leave primary lymphoid organs, they are
immunocompetent (they have the ability to respond to an antigen) but naive
(they have never been exposed to an antigen) → they enter the circulation
and migrate to secondary lymphoid organs (nodes, spleen)
,15.T lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ in the thymus
these make up 60 to 70% of circulating lymphocytes
16.B lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ in the bone marrow
10 to 20% of circulating lymphocytes
17.Clonal selection - ANSWER ✔ Phagocytic cell eats an antigen and present
the antigen to lymphocytes (antigen presenting cells) → allows
differentiation of immunocompetent B and T cells into highly specialized
effector cells.
18.T cells can develop into - ANSWER ✔ T-cytotoxic cell (Tc cell): identifies
and kills target cell . T-helper cell (Th cell): regular the immune response by
helping the clonal selection process. T-regulatory cell (Treg cell): suppress
or limit the immune response
19.Recognition and response - ANSWER ✔ The body is mounting an immune
response to a immunogenic antigen.
20.Molecules that recognize an antigen - ANSWER ✔ b lymphocytes and t
lymphocytes
21.B lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ (B-cell receptors) → antibody and antigen
receptors. B cell receptor complex: part of the antibody bound to the cell
surface that is involved in intracellular signaling (basically it recognizes an
antigen and communicates that information to the cell's nucleus)
22.T lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ (T-cell receptors)T-cell receptor complex:
composed of an antibody-like transmembrane protein and a group of
accessory proteins that are involved in intracellular signaling
23.Molecules that present the antigen - ANSWER ✔ Antigens need to be
processed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and presented by molecules of
the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
24.MHC molecules - ANSWER ✔ glycoproteins that are found on the surface
of every cell except red blood cells and that function in antigen presentation
, 25.IgA - ANSWER ✔ Dominant secretory immunoglobulin (Tears, saliva,
breast milk, colostrum).
Prevents attachment and invasion of pathogens through mucosal membranes.
Gives baby protection from infection in the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Can activate complement
26.IgD - ANSWER ✔ Found of the surface of B cells in blood and lymph.
Acts as an antigen receptor, important in activating B cells.
does not activate complement pathway
27.IgE - ANSWER ✔ Special class of antibody which helps protect against
infection with large parasitic worms (helminths).
ALSO THE CAUSE OF COMMON ALLERGIES (dust, bee stings, hay
fever).
On mature B cells, mast cells, on basophils and in blood
28.IgG - ANSWER ✔ On mature B cells
passes from mother to fetus to transfer immunity
29.IgM - ANSWER ✔ Largest immunoglobulin. First immunoglobulin
produced in response to an antigen.
This is produced by the fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy.
Can activate complement
On immature and mature B cells
30.Hypersensitivity reaction - ANSWER ✔ is an altered immunologic response
to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host
31.Type I - ANSWER ✔ (immediate), IgE mediated.
Effector cell: Mast cells dumping histamin granules. Most common allergies
(ex. pollen) or other environmental antigens.
Hives, urticaria, asthma
32.Type II - ANSWER ✔ (immediate), Tissue-specific (meaning that these
reactions are generally characterized by a specific call or tissue being the
target of an immune response). Effector cell: macrophages. IgG, IgM. cells
are destroyed by an immune response-macrophages. Some molecules act as
haptens, binding to cells and producing antibodies.
