Chapter 6: Health and wellness
Healthy people
o Healthy People sets objectives to help the United States increase its focus on health
promotion and disease prevention (instead of illness care) and encourages cooperation
among individuals, communities, and other public, private, and nonprofit organizations
to improve health (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
o Healthy People 2030, promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives.
o Healthy People 2030 identifies leading health indicators (LHIs) (e.g., household food
insecurity and hunger; homicides; suicides; children and adolescents with obesity),
which are high-priority health issues in the United States
Definition of health
o defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
o acquired human potential through goal-directed behavior, competent self-care, and
satisfying relationships with others
o some older adults define health by the health practices they use regularly, while others
define their health as the absence of disease and disability, the maintenance of physical
and cognitive functioning, and having connections with others
Models of health and illness
o Health beliefs are a person’s ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness
o That can be based on reality or false expectations, facts or misinformation, common
sense or myths, or good or bad experiences. This influences health behaviors ->
positively/negatively impacts the health
o Positive health behaviors = immunizations, scheduled screenings (e.g., colonoscopy,
mammogram), proper sleep patterns, adequate exercise, stress management, and
nutrition
o Negative health behavior = smoking, drug or alcohol abuse, risky sexual behaviors, poor
diet, and refusing to take necessary medications.
o Health models are used to understand patients’ unique attitudes and values about
health and illness and to provide effective healthcare
a) Health belief model
• addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors
• component =
(1) individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness.
§ When the patient realizes there is a familial link to the diseases
(2) Individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness
§ How the patient understands the seriousness of the illness, which may affect
the care
(3) is the likelihood that a person will take preventive action.
, b) Health promotion model
• defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease
• focuses on the following three areas:
(1) individual characteristics and experiences;
(2) behavior-specific cognitions and affect; and
(3) behavioral outcome, in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior
• Health-promoting behaviors result in improved health, enhanced functional
ability, and better quality of life at all stages of development
c) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs
• sometimes physical needs are prioritized before psychological based on the
situation. Ex: fire -> frighten patient -> psychological help
d) Holistic Health Model
• promotes a patient’s optimal level of health by considering the dynamic
interactions among the emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical aspects
of an individual’s wellness
•
Variables influencing health and health beliefs and practices
a) internal variables
o include a person’s developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of
functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors.
i. Developmental stage
• helps you predict a patient’s response to an actual illness or the threat of
a future illness
•
ii. Intellectual background
• Health beliefs are shaped in part by educational background, traditions,
and past experiences, all of which influence knowledge or misinformation
about body functions and illnesses.
• Consider your patient’s intellectual background while providing patient
teaching
iii. Perception of functioning
• Perceptions of physical functioning affect people’s health beliefs and
practices
Healthy people
o Healthy People sets objectives to help the United States increase its focus on health
promotion and disease prevention (instead of illness care) and encourages cooperation
among individuals, communities, and other public, private, and nonprofit organizations
to improve health (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
o Healthy People 2030, promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives.
o Healthy People 2030 identifies leading health indicators (LHIs) (e.g., household food
insecurity and hunger; homicides; suicides; children and adolescents with obesity),
which are high-priority health issues in the United States
Definition of health
o defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
o acquired human potential through goal-directed behavior, competent self-care, and
satisfying relationships with others
o some older adults define health by the health practices they use regularly, while others
define their health as the absence of disease and disability, the maintenance of physical
and cognitive functioning, and having connections with others
Models of health and illness
o Health beliefs are a person’s ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness
o That can be based on reality or false expectations, facts or misinformation, common
sense or myths, or good or bad experiences. This influences health behaviors ->
positively/negatively impacts the health
o Positive health behaviors = immunizations, scheduled screenings (e.g., colonoscopy,
mammogram), proper sleep patterns, adequate exercise, stress management, and
nutrition
o Negative health behavior = smoking, drug or alcohol abuse, risky sexual behaviors, poor
diet, and refusing to take necessary medications.
o Health models are used to understand patients’ unique attitudes and values about
health and illness and to provide effective healthcare
a) Health belief model
• addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors
• component =
(1) individual’s perception of susceptibility to an illness.
§ When the patient realizes there is a familial link to the diseases
(2) Individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness
§ How the patient understands the seriousness of the illness, which may affect
the care
(3) is the likelihood that a person will take preventive action.
, b) Health promotion model
• defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease
• focuses on the following three areas:
(1) individual characteristics and experiences;
(2) behavior-specific cognitions and affect; and
(3) behavioral outcome, in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior
• Health-promoting behaviors result in improved health, enhanced functional
ability, and better quality of life at all stages of development
c) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs
• sometimes physical needs are prioritized before psychological based on the
situation. Ex: fire -> frighten patient -> psychological help
d) Holistic Health Model
• promotes a patient’s optimal level of health by considering the dynamic
interactions among the emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical aspects
of an individual’s wellness
•
Variables influencing health and health beliefs and practices
a) internal variables
o include a person’s developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of
functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors.
i. Developmental stage
• helps you predict a patient’s response to an actual illness or the threat of
a future illness
•
ii. Intellectual background
• Health beliefs are shaped in part by educational background, traditions,
and past experiences, all of which influence knowledge or misinformation
about body functions and illnesses.
• Consider your patient’s intellectual background while providing patient
teaching
iii. Perception of functioning
• Perceptions of physical functioning affect people’s health beliefs and
practices
