AMH 2020 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Plessy v. Ferguson - ✔✔✔–Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896),[2] was a landmark decision of the
U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long
as the segregated facilities were equal in quality - a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but
equal".[3][4] The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had
been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877).The decision
involved a case that originated in 1892 when Homer Plessy, an "octoroon" (person of seven-eighths
white and one-eighth black ancestry) resident of New Orleans, deliberately violated Louisiana's Separate
Car Act of 1890, which required "equal, but separate" train car accommodations for white and non-
white passengers. Upon being charged, Plessy's lawyers defended him by arguing that the law was
unconstitutional. He lost at trial, and his conviction was affirmed on his appeal to the Louisiana Supreme
Court. Plessy then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear his case.
In May 1896, the Supreme Court issued a 7-1 decision against Plessy ruling that the Louisiana law did not
violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, stating that although the Fourteenth
Amendment established the legal equality of white and black Americans, it did not and could not require
the elimination of all social or other "distinctions based upon color". The Court rejected Plessy's lawyers'
arguments that the Louisiana law inherently implied that black people were inferior, and gave great
deference to American state legislatures' inherent power to make laws regulating health, safety, and
morals—the "police power"—and to determine the reasonableness of the laws they passed. Justice John
Marshall Harlan was the lone dissenter from the Court'
Spiro Agnew resigns - ✔✔✔–Less than a year before Richard M. Nixon's resignation as president of the
United States, Spiro Agnew becomes the first U.S. vice president to resign in disgrace. The same day, he
pleaded no contest to a charge of federal income tax evasion in exchange for the dropping of charges of
political corruption. He was subsequently fined $10,000, sentenced to three years probation, and
disbarred by the Maryland court of appeals.Agnew, a Republican,Under the process decreed by the 25th
Amendment to the Constitution, President Nixon was instructed to the fill vacant office of vice president
by nominating a candidate who then had to be approved by both houses of Congress. Nixon's
appointment of Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan was approved by Congress and, on December 6,
Ford was sworn in. He became the 38th president of the United States on August 9, 1974, after the
escalating Watergate affair caused Nixon to resign. was elected chief executive of Baltimore County in
1961. In 1967, he became governor of Maryland, an office he held until his nomination as the Republican
vice presidential candidate in 1968. During Nixon's successful campaign, Agnew ran on a tough law-and-
order platform, and as vice president he frequently attacked opponents of the Vietnam War and liberals
as being disloyal and un-American. Reelected with Nixon in 1972, Agnew resigned on October 10, 1973,
after the U.S. Justice Department uncovered widespread evidence of his political corruption, including
allegations that his practice of accepting bribes had continued into his tenure as U.S. vice president. He
died at the age of 77 on September 17, 1996.
Brown v. Board of Education - ✔✔✔–Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954),[1] was
a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws
,AMH 2020 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are
otherwise equal in quality. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated
that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal," and therefore violate the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. However, the decision's 14 pages did not
spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in
Brown II (349 U.S. 294 (1955)) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".The case
originated in 1951, when the public school district in Topeka, Kansas, refused to enroll the daughter of
local black resident Oliver Brown at the school closest to their home, instead requiring her to ride a bus
to a segregated black elementary school further away. The Browns and twelve other local black families
in similar situations then filed a class action lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of
Education, alleging that its segregation policy was unconstitutional. A three-judge panel of the U.S.
District Court for the District of Kansas rendered a verdict against the Browns, relying on the precedent
of the Supreme Court's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court had ruled that racial
segregation was not in itself a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause if the
facilities in question were otherwise equal, a doctrine that had come to be known as "separate but
equal". The Browns, then represented by NAACP chief counsel Thurgood Marshall, appealed to the
Supreme Court, which agreed to hear
Thurgood Marshall - ✔✔✔–Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 - January 24, 1993) was an American lawyer
who served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until
October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Prior to his
judicial service, he successfully argued several cases before the Supreme Court, including Brown v. Board
of Education.Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall graduated from the Howard University School of Law
in 1933. He established a private legal practice in Baltimore before founding the NAACP Legal Defense
and Educational Fund, where he served as executive director. In that position, he argued several cases
before the Supreme Court, including Smith v. Allwright, Shelley v. Kraemer, and Brown v. Board of
Education, which held that racial segregation in public education is a violation of the Equal Protection
Clause.
In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to the United States Court of Appeals for the
Second Circuit. Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall as the United States
Solicitor General. In 1967, Johnson successfully nominated Marshall to succeed retiring Associate Justice
Tom C. Clark. Marshall retired during the administration of President George H. W. Bush, and was
succeeded by Clarence Thomas.
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott - ✔✔✔–The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and
social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of
Montgomery, Alabama. It was a seminal event in the civil rights movement. The campaign lasted from
December 5, 1955 — the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for
refusing to surrender her seat to a white person — to December 20, 1956, when the federal ruling
Browder v. Gayle took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the
,AMH 2020 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional.[1] Many important figures
in the civil rights movement took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph
Abernathy.Under the system of segregation used on Montgomery buses, the ten front seats were
reserved for whites at all times. The ten back seats were supposed to be reserved for blacks at all times.
The middle section of the bus consisted of sixteen unreserved seats for whites and blacks on a
segregated basis.[17] Whites filled the middle seats from the front to back, and blacks filled seats from
the back to front until the bus was full. If other black people boarded the bus, they were required to
stand. If another white person boarded the bus, then everyone in the black row nearest the front had to
get up and stand, so that a new row for white people could be created; it was illegal for whites and
blacks to sit next to each other. When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white person, she was
sitting in the first row of the middle section.[18]
Often when boarding the buses, black people were required to pay at the front, get off, and reenter the
bus through a separate door at the back.[19] Occasionally, bus drivers would drive away before black
passengers were able to reboard.[20] Nati
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. - ✔✔✔–Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was an
American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the
Civil Rights Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. Born in Atlanta Georgia, King is best
known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, inspired by his Christian
beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi.King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and
in 1957 became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). With the
SCLC, he led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize
the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. He helped organize the 1963 March on
Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent
resistance. In 1965, he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches. The following year, he and
the SCLC took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. In his final years, he
expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War. He alienated many of
his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled "Beyond Vietnam". J. Edgar Hoover considered him a radical
and made him an object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963 on. FBI agents investigated him for possible
communist ties, recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials, and on
one occasion mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make
him commit suicide.
In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's
Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was foll
, AMH 2020 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Southern Christian leadership conference - ✔✔✔–The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president,
Martin Luther King Jr., had a large role in the American civil rights movement.[1]
civil dsobedience - ✔✔✔–Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain
laws, demands, orders or commands of a government. By some definitions[specify], civil disobedience
has to be nonviolent to be called 'civil'. Hence, civil disobedience is sometimes equated with peaceful
protests or nonviolent resistance.[1][2]
Henry David Thoreau popularized the term in the US with his essay Civil Disobedience, although the
concept itself has been practiced longer before. It has inspired Mahatma Gandhi in his protests for
Indian independence against the British Raj; and Martin Luther King Jr.'s peaceful protests during the civil
rights movement in the US. Although civil disobedience is considered to be an expression of contempt
for law, King regarded civil disobedience to be a display and practice of reverence for law: "Any man who
breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail to
arouse the conscience of the community on the injustice of the law is at that moment expressing the
very highest respect for the law."[3]
Little Rock Central High School/Orval Faubus - ✔✔✔–The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an
African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African
Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Founded in 1942, its stated mission is "to bring about equality
for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic
background."[2]CORE was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in March 1942. Among the founding members
were James L. Farmer, Jr., George Houser, James R. Robinson, Samuel E. Riley, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack,
and Joe Guinn. Of the 50 original members, 28 were men and 22 were women, roughly one-third of
them were black and two-thirds white.[3][4] Bayard Rustin, while not a father of the organization, was,
as Farmer and House later said, "an uncle to CORE" and supported it greatly. The group had evolved out
of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation, and sought to apply the principles of nonviolence as a tactic
against segregation.[5] The group's inspiration was Mahatma Gandhi's teachings of non-violent
resistance.[6] Krishnalal Shridharani, a popular writer and journalist as well as a vibrant and theatrical
speaker, had been a protege of Gandhi and had been jailed in the Salt March whose book War Without
Violence influenced the organisation.[7] Gandhi had, in turn, been influenced by the writings of Henry
David Thoreau, the American author, poet, and philosopher. At the time of CORE's founding Gandhi was
still engaged in non-violent resistance against British rule in India; CORE believed that nonviolent civil
disobedience could also be used by African-Americans to challenge racial segregation in the United
States.[
James Farmer - ✔✔✔–James Leonard Farmer Jr. (January 12, 1920 - July 9, 1999) was an American civil
rights activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement "who pushed for nonviolent protest to dismantle
segregation, and served alongside Martin Luther King Jr."[1] He was the initiator and organizer of the first
Plessy v. Ferguson - ✔✔✔–Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896),[2] was a landmark decision of the
U.S. Supreme Court that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long
as the segregated facilities were equal in quality - a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but
equal".[3][4] The decision legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had
been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877).The decision
involved a case that originated in 1892 when Homer Plessy, an "octoroon" (person of seven-eighths
white and one-eighth black ancestry) resident of New Orleans, deliberately violated Louisiana's Separate
Car Act of 1890, which required "equal, but separate" train car accommodations for white and non-
white passengers. Upon being charged, Plessy's lawyers defended him by arguing that the law was
unconstitutional. He lost at trial, and his conviction was affirmed on his appeal to the Louisiana Supreme
Court. Plessy then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear his case.
In May 1896, the Supreme Court issued a 7-1 decision against Plessy ruling that the Louisiana law did not
violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, stating that although the Fourteenth
Amendment established the legal equality of white and black Americans, it did not and could not require
the elimination of all social or other "distinctions based upon color". The Court rejected Plessy's lawyers'
arguments that the Louisiana law inherently implied that black people were inferior, and gave great
deference to American state legislatures' inherent power to make laws regulating health, safety, and
morals—the "police power"—and to determine the reasonableness of the laws they passed. Justice John
Marshall Harlan was the lone dissenter from the Court'
Spiro Agnew resigns - ✔✔✔–Less than a year before Richard M. Nixon's resignation as president of the
United States, Spiro Agnew becomes the first U.S. vice president to resign in disgrace. The same day, he
pleaded no contest to a charge of federal income tax evasion in exchange for the dropping of charges of
political corruption. He was subsequently fined $10,000, sentenced to three years probation, and
disbarred by the Maryland court of appeals.Agnew, a Republican,Under the process decreed by the 25th
Amendment to the Constitution, President Nixon was instructed to the fill vacant office of vice president
by nominating a candidate who then had to be approved by both houses of Congress. Nixon's
appointment of Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan was approved by Congress and, on December 6,
Ford was sworn in. He became the 38th president of the United States on August 9, 1974, after the
escalating Watergate affair caused Nixon to resign. was elected chief executive of Baltimore County in
1961. In 1967, he became governor of Maryland, an office he held until his nomination as the Republican
vice presidential candidate in 1968. During Nixon's successful campaign, Agnew ran on a tough law-and-
order platform, and as vice president he frequently attacked opponents of the Vietnam War and liberals
as being disloyal and un-American. Reelected with Nixon in 1972, Agnew resigned on October 10, 1973,
after the U.S. Justice Department uncovered widespread evidence of his political corruption, including
allegations that his practice of accepting bribes had continued into his tenure as U.S. vice president. He
died at the age of 77 on September 17, 1996.
Brown v. Board of Education - ✔✔✔–Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954),[1] was
a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws
,AMH 2020 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are
otherwise equal in quality. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated
that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal," and therefore violate the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. However, the decision's 14 pages did not
spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in
Brown II (349 U.S. 294 (1955)) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".The case
originated in 1951, when the public school district in Topeka, Kansas, refused to enroll the daughter of
local black resident Oliver Brown at the school closest to their home, instead requiring her to ride a bus
to a segregated black elementary school further away. The Browns and twelve other local black families
in similar situations then filed a class action lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of
Education, alleging that its segregation policy was unconstitutional. A three-judge panel of the U.S.
District Court for the District of Kansas rendered a verdict against the Browns, relying on the precedent
of the Supreme Court's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, in which the Court had ruled that racial
segregation was not in itself a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause if the
facilities in question were otherwise equal, a doctrine that had come to be known as "separate but
equal". The Browns, then represented by NAACP chief counsel Thurgood Marshall, appealed to the
Supreme Court, which agreed to hear
Thurgood Marshall - ✔✔✔–Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 - January 24, 1993) was an American lawyer
who served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until
October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice. Prior to his
judicial service, he successfully argued several cases before the Supreme Court, including Brown v. Board
of Education.Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall graduated from the Howard University School of Law
in 1933. He established a private legal practice in Baltimore before founding the NAACP Legal Defense
and Educational Fund, where he served as executive director. In that position, he argued several cases
before the Supreme Court, including Smith v. Allwright, Shelley v. Kraemer, and Brown v. Board of
Education, which held that racial segregation in public education is a violation of the Equal Protection
Clause.
In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to the United States Court of Appeals for the
Second Circuit. Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall as the United States
Solicitor General. In 1967, Johnson successfully nominated Marshall to succeed retiring Associate Justice
Tom C. Clark. Marshall retired during the administration of President George H. W. Bush, and was
succeeded by Clarence Thomas.
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott - ✔✔✔–The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and
social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of
Montgomery, Alabama. It was a seminal event in the civil rights movement. The campaign lasted from
December 5, 1955 — the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for
refusing to surrender her seat to a white person — to December 20, 1956, when the federal ruling
Browder v. Gayle took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the
,AMH 2020 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional.[1] Many important figures
in the civil rights movement took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph
Abernathy.Under the system of segregation used on Montgomery buses, the ten front seats were
reserved for whites at all times. The ten back seats were supposed to be reserved for blacks at all times.
The middle section of the bus consisted of sixteen unreserved seats for whites and blacks on a
segregated basis.[17] Whites filled the middle seats from the front to back, and blacks filled seats from
the back to front until the bus was full. If other black people boarded the bus, they were required to
stand. If another white person boarded the bus, then everyone in the black row nearest the front had to
get up and stand, so that a new row for white people could be created; it was illegal for whites and
blacks to sit next to each other. When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white person, she was
sitting in the first row of the middle section.[18]
Often when boarding the buses, black people were required to pay at the front, get off, and reenter the
bus through a separate door at the back.[19] Occasionally, bus drivers would drive away before black
passengers were able to reboard.[20] Nati
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. - ✔✔✔–Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was an
American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the
Civil Rights Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. Born in Atlanta Georgia, King is best
known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, inspired by his Christian
beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi.King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and
in 1957 became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). With the
SCLC, he led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize
the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. He helped organize the 1963 March on
Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent
resistance. In 1965, he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches. The following year, he and
the SCLC took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. In his final years, he
expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War. He alienated many of
his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled "Beyond Vietnam". J. Edgar Hoover considered him a radical
and made him an object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963 on. FBI agents investigated him for possible
communist ties, recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials, and on
one occasion mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make
him commit suicide.
In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's
Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was foll
, AMH 2020 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% SOLVED)
Southern Christian leadership conference - ✔✔✔–The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president,
Martin Luther King Jr., had a large role in the American civil rights movement.[1]
civil dsobedience - ✔✔✔–Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain
laws, demands, orders or commands of a government. By some definitions[specify], civil disobedience
has to be nonviolent to be called 'civil'. Hence, civil disobedience is sometimes equated with peaceful
protests or nonviolent resistance.[1][2]
Henry David Thoreau popularized the term in the US with his essay Civil Disobedience, although the
concept itself has been practiced longer before. It has inspired Mahatma Gandhi in his protests for
Indian independence against the British Raj; and Martin Luther King Jr.'s peaceful protests during the civil
rights movement in the US. Although civil disobedience is considered to be an expression of contempt
for law, King regarded civil disobedience to be a display and practice of reverence for law: "Any man who
breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail to
arouse the conscience of the community on the injustice of the law is at that moment expressing the
very highest respect for the law."[3]
Little Rock Central High School/Orval Faubus - ✔✔✔–The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an
African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African
Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Founded in 1942, its stated mission is "to bring about equality
for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic
background."[2]CORE was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in March 1942. Among the founding members
were James L. Farmer, Jr., George Houser, James R. Robinson, Samuel E. Riley, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack,
and Joe Guinn. Of the 50 original members, 28 were men and 22 were women, roughly one-third of
them were black and two-thirds white.[3][4] Bayard Rustin, while not a father of the organization, was,
as Farmer and House later said, "an uncle to CORE" and supported it greatly. The group had evolved out
of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation, and sought to apply the principles of nonviolence as a tactic
against segregation.[5] The group's inspiration was Mahatma Gandhi's teachings of non-violent
resistance.[6] Krishnalal Shridharani, a popular writer and journalist as well as a vibrant and theatrical
speaker, had been a protege of Gandhi and had been jailed in the Salt March whose book War Without
Violence influenced the organisation.[7] Gandhi had, in turn, been influenced by the writings of Henry
David Thoreau, the American author, poet, and philosopher. At the time of CORE's founding Gandhi was
still engaged in non-violent resistance against British rule in India; CORE believed that nonviolent civil
disobedience could also be used by African-Americans to challenge racial segregation in the United
States.[
James Farmer - ✔✔✔–James Leonard Farmer Jr. (January 12, 1920 - July 9, 1999) was an American civil
rights activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement "who pushed for nonviolent protest to dismantle
segregation, and served alongside Martin Luther King Jr."[1] He was the initiator and organizer of the first
