Biology 1402 Final Exam Study Guide
1. A molecular clock is built by calculating: neutral mutations in a particular
gene over time
2. A molecular clock is used to determine: the dates at which certain organisms
diverged
3. A paraphyletic group contains: a common ancestor but not all of its
descendants
4. Birds are thought to have evolved from dinosaurs during the _____ of the
Mesozoic era.: Jurassic period
5. Clay has been shown to catalyze the formation of _______; components
necessary for the first protobionts.
Select all that apply: liposomes; RNA polymers
6. Diatoms form an important part of phytoplankton in the ocean. Their
demise would most likely negatively affect
(select all that apply): global temperatures because they are an important
consumer of greenhouse carbon dioxide; the survival of filter-feeding animals like
large whales
7. Erwinia carotovora is a species of bacteria that uses injectisomes to inject
proteins into plant cells, ultimately
causing tissue rot. E. carotovora is an example of a:: pathogen
8. Evolution, viewed on a small scale, as it relates to changes in a single
gene or allele frequency in a population over time, is called: microevolution
9. For 2 billion years, life on earth consisted of single-celled organisms.
These
2 billion years are known as the: Archaean eon
10. Koalas and humans both have fingerprints, but their last common
ancestor, 70 million years ago, does not. This is an example of: convergent
evolution
11. Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa are characterized by:
locomotion via pseudopodia 12. True or False:
Mitochondria are thought to have originated from proteobacteria: True
13. True or False:
Paralogs are a type of homolog, meaning they are derived from the same
ancestral gene: True
14. Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of
protists?: green algae
,15. Protists are NOT monophyletic. This means that protists:: are not all
more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms
16 Sleeping sickness is caused by _____ and spread by the _____.:
Trypanosoma ; tsetse fly
17. True or False:
Some algae are more closely related to plants than they are to other algae.:
True
18. Some microbes secrete small molecules that induce other microbes to
settle nearby. When a certain number of
individuals have assembled, the chemical signal is strong enough to induce
the aggregation to respond
collectively to stimuli. This process is called: quorum sensing
19. Studies of the Pax6 gene and its homologs suggest that: the eyes of
many different species are descended from a common ancestor
20. Study of the origin of life has resulted in the breakdown of cellular
development into overlapping stages,
beginning with the synthesis of precursor molecules for the synthesis of
nucleotides and amino acids and ending
in polymers enclosed in membranes acquiring cellular properties. Which of
these stages were a focus of study for Miller and Urey in their FIRST
experiment?: Stage 1: Nucleotides and amino acids were produced prior to the
existence of cells.
21. The group of protists to which you are most closely related is::
Choanoflagellates
22. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 5,730 years. If half of the original
amount of this radioisotope present in a
fossil sample has decayed into its stable isotope, how old is that fossil?:
5,730 years ago
23. The human microbiome is:: the collection of symbiotic microbes living on or
within the human body, often performing functions that humans do not possess
24. The origin of the mitochondrion and chloroplast by endosymbiosis,
hypothesizes that these organelles originated by: prokaryotic cells that
became internal symbionts within an early eukaryotic cell.
25. The Phanerozoic eon is marked by _____. Select all that apply.: Mass
extinctions; the dawn of the dinosaurs; an explosion of invertebrate life
, 26. The phrase 'ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny´refers to the idea that
the ancestral lineage of a/an _____ is seen throughout its ______.:
Organism;Development or
Trait;Development
27 The process of evolutionary changes that result in formation of new
species and groups of species is called: macroevolution
28. The similarity in RNA polymerase and ribosomes between Eukaryotes
and ______ suggests that Eukaryotes evolved from these organisms.:
Archaea
29. What biogeographical feature catalyzes the evolution of new species?:
Islands
30. What is illustrated by the amino acid sequence of the p53 protein in
Figure
23.13?: greater sequence similarity within closely related groups
31. When comparing the sequences of a homologous gene in four different
species, one pair of species shows a 1% difference, whereas the other
pair shows a 3% difference. Which pair diverged longer ago from their
common ancestor and why?: The pair with a 3% difference; a larger
difference (3% instead of 1%) indicates that there has been more time to
accumulate mutations.
32. When observing the skeleton of a snake, you see the remains of hip and
hind leg bones associated with four
legged animals. These bones are called: vestigial structures
33. Which group of bacteria contains most bacterial human pathogens?: -
Gram-negative
34. Which of the following is a domain? Select all that apply: Bacteria;
Archaea
35. Which of the following would NOT be classified in the Eukarya domain: -
Clostridium botulinum (pathogen which causes botulism)
36. The Protist group does not include some direct descendants such as
plants, fungi and animals. This is an example of a ____ group:
paraphyletic
37. The transition from jawless fish to jawed fish is thought to have
happened as: pharyngeal arches which support the gills evolved into jaws.
38. Flowers were a critical innovation for plants because (3 answers): -
flowers guaranteed pollination by attracting pollinators.
1. A molecular clock is built by calculating: neutral mutations in a particular
gene over time
2. A molecular clock is used to determine: the dates at which certain organisms
diverged
3. A paraphyletic group contains: a common ancestor but not all of its
descendants
4. Birds are thought to have evolved from dinosaurs during the _____ of the
Mesozoic era.: Jurassic period
5. Clay has been shown to catalyze the formation of _______; components
necessary for the first protobionts.
Select all that apply: liposomes; RNA polymers
6. Diatoms form an important part of phytoplankton in the ocean. Their
demise would most likely negatively affect
(select all that apply): global temperatures because they are an important
consumer of greenhouse carbon dioxide; the survival of filter-feeding animals like
large whales
7. Erwinia carotovora is a species of bacteria that uses injectisomes to inject
proteins into plant cells, ultimately
causing tissue rot. E. carotovora is an example of a:: pathogen
8. Evolution, viewed on a small scale, as it relates to changes in a single
gene or allele frequency in a population over time, is called: microevolution
9. For 2 billion years, life on earth consisted of single-celled organisms.
These
2 billion years are known as the: Archaean eon
10. Koalas and humans both have fingerprints, but their last common
ancestor, 70 million years ago, does not. This is an example of: convergent
evolution
11. Members of the supergroup Amoebozoa are characterized by:
locomotion via pseudopodia 12. True or False:
Mitochondria are thought to have originated from proteobacteria: True
13. True or False:
Paralogs are a type of homolog, meaning they are derived from the same
ancestral gene: True
14. Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of
protists?: green algae
,15. Protists are NOT monophyletic. This means that protists:: are not all
more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms
16 Sleeping sickness is caused by _____ and spread by the _____.:
Trypanosoma ; tsetse fly
17. True or False:
Some algae are more closely related to plants than they are to other algae.:
True
18. Some microbes secrete small molecules that induce other microbes to
settle nearby. When a certain number of
individuals have assembled, the chemical signal is strong enough to induce
the aggregation to respond
collectively to stimuli. This process is called: quorum sensing
19. Studies of the Pax6 gene and its homologs suggest that: the eyes of
many different species are descended from a common ancestor
20. Study of the origin of life has resulted in the breakdown of cellular
development into overlapping stages,
beginning with the synthesis of precursor molecules for the synthesis of
nucleotides and amino acids and ending
in polymers enclosed in membranes acquiring cellular properties. Which of
these stages were a focus of study for Miller and Urey in their FIRST
experiment?: Stage 1: Nucleotides and amino acids were produced prior to the
existence of cells.
21. The group of protists to which you are most closely related is::
Choanoflagellates
22. The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 5,730 years. If half of the original
amount of this radioisotope present in a
fossil sample has decayed into its stable isotope, how old is that fossil?:
5,730 years ago
23. The human microbiome is:: the collection of symbiotic microbes living on or
within the human body, often performing functions that humans do not possess
24. The origin of the mitochondrion and chloroplast by endosymbiosis,
hypothesizes that these organelles originated by: prokaryotic cells that
became internal symbionts within an early eukaryotic cell.
25. The Phanerozoic eon is marked by _____. Select all that apply.: Mass
extinctions; the dawn of the dinosaurs; an explosion of invertebrate life
, 26. The phrase 'ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny´refers to the idea that
the ancestral lineage of a/an _____ is seen throughout its ______.:
Organism;Development or
Trait;Development
27 The process of evolutionary changes that result in formation of new
species and groups of species is called: macroevolution
28. The similarity in RNA polymerase and ribosomes between Eukaryotes
and ______ suggests that Eukaryotes evolved from these organisms.:
Archaea
29. What biogeographical feature catalyzes the evolution of new species?:
Islands
30. What is illustrated by the amino acid sequence of the p53 protein in
Figure
23.13?: greater sequence similarity within closely related groups
31. When comparing the sequences of a homologous gene in four different
species, one pair of species shows a 1% difference, whereas the other
pair shows a 3% difference. Which pair diverged longer ago from their
common ancestor and why?: The pair with a 3% difference; a larger
difference (3% instead of 1%) indicates that there has been more time to
accumulate mutations.
32. When observing the skeleton of a snake, you see the remains of hip and
hind leg bones associated with four
legged animals. These bones are called: vestigial structures
33. Which group of bacteria contains most bacterial human pathogens?: -
Gram-negative
34. Which of the following is a domain? Select all that apply: Bacteria;
Archaea
35. Which of the following would NOT be classified in the Eukarya domain: -
Clostridium botulinum (pathogen which causes botulism)
36. The Protist group does not include some direct descendants such as
plants, fungi and animals. This is an example of a ____ group:
paraphyletic
37. The transition from jawless fish to jawed fish is thought to have
happened as: pharyngeal arches which support the gills evolved into jaws.
38. Flowers were a critical innovation for plants because (3 answers): -
flowers guaranteed pollination by attracting pollinators.
