HBIO 320 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST
UPDATE
what is the definition of muscle plasticity?
the ability of muscle to alter is structural and functional properties according to imposed
demands
what are the 3 principles of training?
1. progressive overload: load must increase for adaptation
2. reversibility: use or lose
3. specificity: effect is specific type of exercise (running = thin, strength training = big)
what is the mechanism by which muscle adaptations occur in response to
training?
-amount of specific mRNA protein!! different stresses of exercise stimulate respective
signaling pathway that activate these transcription factors
what feeds into the body amino acid pool in blood? what feeds out of it?
-degradation of body protein (reversible)
-nitrogen compounds - creatine, hormones, etc (reversible)
-dietary protein
-nitrogen loss (urea, feces, sweat, skin, etc)
, what are the 3 factors that drive synthesis and degradation?
-insulin: an anabolic signal for protein synthesis
-protein intake: dramatic protein synthesis with intake, and dramatic degradation with
fasting/low insulin
-resistance exercise
in regard to muscle plasticity, what are 4 factors that can cause change in muscle
length? (sarcomeres in parallel or series?)
increased sarcomeres in series
1. casting (ex. arm in sling lengthens the upper arm)
2. chronic INTENSE stretching
3. eccentric exercise - fast twitch fibers are first to lengthen because they are so tight
4. age - very young: tendon lengthens but not muscle and vice versa for very old
what part of the muscle lengthens the most? which part of the body is more
responsive to changes in muscle length? what are fast and slow twitch fibers
most responsive to? what is special about the type of sarcomere that are added
in series?
-fibers nearest to the tendon insertion point lengthens the most
-leg muscles are more responsive than arm
-fast twitch: shortening vs slow twitch: lengthening
-regardless of fiber type, sarcomeres added in series have type 1 MHC! (more elastic
and flexible)
what is the functional consequence of muscle lengthening (power & velocity)?
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST
UPDATE
what is the definition of muscle plasticity?
the ability of muscle to alter is structural and functional properties according to imposed
demands
what are the 3 principles of training?
1. progressive overload: load must increase for adaptation
2. reversibility: use or lose
3. specificity: effect is specific type of exercise (running = thin, strength training = big)
what is the mechanism by which muscle adaptations occur in response to
training?
-amount of specific mRNA protein!! different stresses of exercise stimulate respective
signaling pathway that activate these transcription factors
what feeds into the body amino acid pool in blood? what feeds out of it?
-degradation of body protein (reversible)
-nitrogen compounds - creatine, hormones, etc (reversible)
-dietary protein
-nitrogen loss (urea, feces, sweat, skin, etc)
, what are the 3 factors that drive synthesis and degradation?
-insulin: an anabolic signal for protein synthesis
-protein intake: dramatic protein synthesis with intake, and dramatic degradation with
fasting/low insulin
-resistance exercise
in regard to muscle plasticity, what are 4 factors that can cause change in muscle
length? (sarcomeres in parallel or series?)
increased sarcomeres in series
1. casting (ex. arm in sling lengthens the upper arm)
2. chronic INTENSE stretching
3. eccentric exercise - fast twitch fibers are first to lengthen because they are so tight
4. age - very young: tendon lengthens but not muscle and vice versa for very old
what part of the muscle lengthens the most? which part of the body is more
responsive to changes in muscle length? what are fast and slow twitch fibers
most responsive to? what is special about the type of sarcomere that are added
in series?
-fibers nearest to the tendon insertion point lengthens the most
-leg muscles are more responsive than arm
-fast twitch: shortening vs slow twitch: lengthening
-regardless of fiber type, sarcomeres added in series have type 1 MHC! (more elastic
and flexible)
what is the functional consequence of muscle lengthening (power & velocity)?
