HBIO320 - MIDTERM 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
what is metabolism? bioenergetics? Law of Conversation of Energy in terms of muscle?
-metabolism: cellular reactions including anabolic and catabolic reactions
-bioenergetics: metabolic process of converting nutrients into energy
-LCE: energy is not created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another (muscles convert
chemical PE from food into mechanical KE + heat)
what is oxidation and reduction? what are the important molecules involved with redox reactions?
-oxidation: removal of electron
-reduction: addition of electron
**NAD+ reduced to NADH + H
FAD reduced to FADH2
what are enzymes and their function? what is their structure? what is Vmax and Km? what are 2
influencing variables of enzymes?
-def: protein catalysts that regulate speed of reactions
-fxn: lower activation energy threshold needed for a reaction to occur (does NOT cause reactions, only
makes it easier)
-structure: contains an active site for reactants to fit into = enzyme-substrate complex
-Vmax: max rate of enzymatic activity
,-Km: sub conc where 1/2 of max enzymatic activity is reached (smaller = more effective enzyme)
-temp: 37-40C
-pH: little above 7
define the function of the following enzymes: kinase, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, oxidase,
isomerase
kinase: add phosphate (phosphorylates)
phosphatase: removes phosphate
dehydrogenase: removes hydrogen
oxidase: catalyze redox reactions involving oxygen
isomerase: rearrange molecules to form isomers
what are the 3 categories of carbohydrates? how many kcal for 1g? what is glycogen? structure? where
are the 2 storage places?
1. monosaccharide: 1 unit sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)
2. disaccharide: 2 monos combined (maltose, lactose, sucrose)
3. polysaccharide: 3+ monos combined (GLYCOGEN, starch, cellulose)
-4 kcal
-polysaccharide made of glucose molecules linked via glycogen synthesis
-muscles: only useable by muscle
-liver: can breakdown into glucose and send out to blood for all tissues to use
what are the 4 categories of fats? how many kcal for 1g? where are 2 places fats are stored?
, 1. fatty acids
2. triglyceride: 3FA + 1 glycerol (not a fat)
3. phospholipids: makes structure of cell membrane and nerve sheaths NOT for energy
4. steroids: signal hormone molecules like cholesterol and cortisol
-9kcal
-fat cells (primary)
-muscle cells (intramuscular triglycerides)
what is the structure and function of proteins? how many kcals for 1g?
-structure: amino acids linked by peptide bonds
-function: building blocks of molecules like pyruvate and acetyl-CoA (alanine can be converted to
glycogen in the liver)
-4kcal
what is the structure of ATP? what kind of energy does it hold and how is it converted?
-adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates
-holds chemical PE (bc P wants to cleave off) -> converted to KE when phosphate cleaves off
what are the 3 methods of ATP production in muscle in order?
1. CP breakdown (anaerobic)
2. glycolysis (anaerobic)
3. oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic including formation of acetyl-CoA -> TCA cycle -> oxidative phosph.
(ETC+chemiosmosis))
how does the ATP-CP system make ATP? what is CP recycling?
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
what is metabolism? bioenergetics? Law of Conversation of Energy in terms of muscle?
-metabolism: cellular reactions including anabolic and catabolic reactions
-bioenergetics: metabolic process of converting nutrients into energy
-LCE: energy is not created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another (muscles convert
chemical PE from food into mechanical KE + heat)
what is oxidation and reduction? what are the important molecules involved with redox reactions?
-oxidation: removal of electron
-reduction: addition of electron
**NAD+ reduced to NADH + H
FAD reduced to FADH2
what are enzymes and their function? what is their structure? what is Vmax and Km? what are 2
influencing variables of enzymes?
-def: protein catalysts that regulate speed of reactions
-fxn: lower activation energy threshold needed for a reaction to occur (does NOT cause reactions, only
makes it easier)
-structure: contains an active site for reactants to fit into = enzyme-substrate complex
-Vmax: max rate of enzymatic activity
,-Km: sub conc where 1/2 of max enzymatic activity is reached (smaller = more effective enzyme)
-temp: 37-40C
-pH: little above 7
define the function of the following enzymes: kinase, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, oxidase,
isomerase
kinase: add phosphate (phosphorylates)
phosphatase: removes phosphate
dehydrogenase: removes hydrogen
oxidase: catalyze redox reactions involving oxygen
isomerase: rearrange molecules to form isomers
what are the 3 categories of carbohydrates? how many kcal for 1g? what is glycogen? structure? where
are the 2 storage places?
1. monosaccharide: 1 unit sugar (glucose, fructose, galactose)
2. disaccharide: 2 monos combined (maltose, lactose, sucrose)
3. polysaccharide: 3+ monos combined (GLYCOGEN, starch, cellulose)
-4 kcal
-polysaccharide made of glucose molecules linked via glycogen synthesis
-muscles: only useable by muscle
-liver: can breakdown into glucose and send out to blood for all tissues to use
what are the 4 categories of fats? how many kcal for 1g? where are 2 places fats are stored?
, 1. fatty acids
2. triglyceride: 3FA + 1 glycerol (not a fat)
3. phospholipids: makes structure of cell membrane and nerve sheaths NOT for energy
4. steroids: signal hormone molecules like cholesterol and cortisol
-9kcal
-fat cells (primary)
-muscle cells (intramuscular triglycerides)
what is the structure and function of proteins? how many kcals for 1g?
-structure: amino acids linked by peptide bonds
-function: building blocks of molecules like pyruvate and acetyl-CoA (alanine can be converted to
glycogen in the liver)
-4kcal
what is the structure of ATP? what kind of energy does it hold and how is it converted?
-adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates
-holds chemical PE (bc P wants to cleave off) -> converted to KE when phosphate cleaves off
what are the 3 methods of ATP production in muscle in order?
1. CP breakdown (anaerobic)
2. glycolysis (anaerobic)
3. oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic including formation of acetyl-CoA -> TCA cycle -> oxidative phosph.
(ETC+chemiosmosis))
how does the ATP-CP system make ATP? what is CP recycling?
