VICTIMOLOGY AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VICTIMOLOGY AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM........................................................................1
H.1. INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY.....................................................................................................4
SUSAN BRISON – AFTERMATH......................................................................................................................4
THE ‘JANUS-FACE’ OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE.........................................................................................................6
CONCERNING CIRCLES OF VICTIMS..................................................................................................................7
H.2. CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: PART 1...........................................................................................8
DEFINING VICTIMIZATION BY CRIME: SOME COMPLEXITIES..................................................................................8
COUNTING VICTIMIZATION BY CRIME............................................................................................................10
SOMETHING WE (THINK WE) KNOW ABOUT VICTIMIZATION BY CRIME.................................................................15
SOME EXPLANATIONS OF VICTIMIZATION BY CRIME..........................................................................................16
H.3. CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: PART 2...........................................................................................21
CHILD VICTIMIZATION: DEVELOPMENTAL VICTIMOLOGY....................................................................................21
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: VIOLENCE AT HOME.........................................................................................24
GENDERED VIOLENCE RESEARCH (THE RABBITS)..............................................................................................26
RAPE VICTIMIZATION.................................................................................................................................28
CO-VICTIMS OF HOMICIDE..........................................................................................................................32
CYBERCRIME VICTIMIZATION.......................................................................................................................35
VICTIMS OF TERRORISM.............................................................................................................................37
TERRORISM: WHOSE VICTIMIZATION IS IT?.....................................................................................................37
VICTIMS OF ATROCITY CRIMES: GENOCIDE.....................................................................................................40
H.4.: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON VICTIMIZATION............................................................................44
PERSPECTIVES..........................................................................................................................................44
TRAUMATIC STRESS...................................................................................................................................44
TRAUMATIC MEMORIES.............................................................................................................................50
SHATTERED ASSUMPTIONS (JANOF-BULAM 1992).........................................................................................52
BLAMING................................................................................................................................................53
CONTROL (FRAZIER)..................................................................................................................................53
VICTIM ENTITLEMENT................................................................................................................................53
(NARCISSTIC) ENTITLEMENT........................................................................................................................54
VICTIM NARRATIVES..................................................................................................................................54
COMPETITIVE VICTIMHOOD.........................................................................................................................56
BIASED MEMORY: IDENTITY IN VICTIMISATION................................................................................................56
A DIFFERENT EXAMPLE OF THE ROLE OF VICTIMIZATION IN INGROUP IDENTITY......................................................57
COMPETITIVE VICTIMHOOD: CONSEQUENCES.................................................................................................57
ADAPTIVE ENTITLEMENT............................................................................................................................58
A DIFFERENT REACTION TO VICTIMISATION....................................................................................................58
FRAMING VICTIMIZATION...........................................................................................................................61
1
,VICARIOUS RETRIBUTION............................................................................................................................62
A STUDY IN FOLK PSYCHOLOGY....................................................................................................................63
THE PECULIAR EFFECTS OF THINKING ABOUT YOUR OWN DEATH.........................................................................63
PERSPECTIVES..........................................................................................................................................64
AN EXAM EXAMPLE...................................................................................................................................64
H.5. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES........................................................................................................66
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES......................................................................................................................66
THE DISCOVERY OF ‘NEW VICTIMS’...............................................................................................................67
WHOPPER THE BULLDOG...........................................................................................................................68
STRAIGHTFORWARD RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VICTIM-VICTIMIZER.......................................................................68
WHAT’S IN A WORD?................................................................................................................................68
THE VICTIM LABEL.....................................................................................................................................69
THE MYTH OF PURE EVIL...........................................................................................................................69
DIFFERENCE WITH REAL LIFE.......................................................................................................................70
JACK KATZ: WHAT MAKES CRIME NEWS?......................................................................................................71
HOW IS VICTIMIZATION PORTRAYED IN CAMPAIGNS TO SUPPORT VICTIMS?..........................................................72
FRAMING................................................................................................................................................73
NOT FOLLOWING THE STEREOTYPES..............................................................................................................74
NOT DISPLAYING THE ‘RIGHT; REACTION’.......................................................................................................74
MICRO-AGGRESSION.................................................................................................................................75
DIFFICULTY SEEING VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS AT THE SAME TIME.......................................................................76
IN REALITY: LARGE OVERLAP BETWEEN VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS........................................................................77
WHOSE CLAIMS GET RESPECTED?................................................................................................................77
CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.............................................................................................78
FALSE RATHER THAN REPRESSED MEMORIES...................................................................................................78
VICTIMISATION /VICTIMOLOGY: WHY NOW?..................................................................................................79
LESSONS FROM THE CLASSICS......................................................................................................................79
FEMINISM AND THE ETHICS OF CARE............................................................................................................81
VICTIMS ISSUES & CARE............................................................................................................................81
RISKS.....................................................................................................................................................83
THERAPY CULTURE (FUREDI, 2004).............................................................................................................83
OVERVIEW..............................................................................................................................................84
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES......................................................................................................................84
EXAMPLE OF AN EXAM QUESTION................................................................................................................85
H.6. JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES.................................................................................................................86
JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES...............................................................................................................................86
SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION........................................................................................................................86
NEEDS RELATING TO THE HARM OF VICTIMISATION..........................................................................................87
VICTIMISATION IS BOTH HARMFUL AND WRONGFUL........................................................................................88
REVENGE AND RETRIBUTION.......................................................................................................................90
COMPENSATION, SYMBOLIC REPARATION AND VALUE RESTORATION...................................................................94
INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE, INFORMATIONAL JUSTICE AND PROCEDURAL JUSTICE......................................................96
A TYPOLOGY OF VICTIMS RIGHTS..................................................................................................................98
SUMMARY..............................................................................................................................................99
2
,EXAM QUESTION......................................................................................................................................99
H. 7 RESTORATIVE PERSEPCTIVES/JUSTICE............................................................................................100
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................100
DEFINITION OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE..........................................................................................................100
SITUATING RESTORATIVE JUSTICE...............................................................................................................101
TYPES OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE.................................................................................................................102
THE PROCESS OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE.......................................................................................................103
UNDERLYING THEORIES OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICES.........................................................................................104
VICTIMS AND RESTORATIVE JUSTICE............................................................................................................110
EXAM QUESTION....................................................................................................................................113
H. 8 VICTIMS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: GENERAL OVERVIEW AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES...........114
OUTLINE...............................................................................................................................................114
SOME BACKGROUND ON THE EU AND THE VICTIMS OF CRIME.........................................................................114
THE EU VICTIMS DIRECTIVE......................................................................................................................121
A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CONTENTS OF THE EU-DIRECTIVE...............................................................................122
THE DIRECTIVE TODAY.............................................................................................................................134
AN EXAM QUESTION...............................................................................................................................137
H.9. VICTIMS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES..............................................138
REVISITING A NUMBER OF TOPICS FROM PREVIOUS LECTURES..........................................................................138
VICTIMS PROVISIONS/RIGHTS IN THREE RELATIONSHIPS..................................................................................140
TYPOLOGY OF VICTIMS RIGHTS BASED ON THREE RELATIONSHIPS (VAN DIJK)......................................................142
RELATIONSHIP B: OFFENDER – STATE “CRIMINAL LAW”..................................................................................145
RELATIONSHIP C: VICTIM – OFFENDER “CIVIL LAW/RESTORATIVE JUCTICE”.........................................................153
EXAM QUESTION....................................................................................................................................157
H.10: RECAP AND MOCK EXAM..........................................................................................................158
3
, H.1. INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY
RESEARCH ON VICTIMS AND SOCIETY
Narrative victimoloogy
Cultural victimology
Justice processes, including and in particular restorative justice
Political violence, terrorism and international crimes
Connection between academia and practice: past history with victim support
Ethics of victimology
RESEARCH ON RESTOATIVE JUSTICE
Emotions in restorative justice
Governance of restorative justice
Culture and restorative justice
New frontiers in restorative justice
SUSAN BRISON – AFTERMATH
EXPCERT 1
The aspect of control, trying to control her own victimization
She felt the shame
Fear to be victimized again
More easy to talk about ‘an attempted murder’ than ‘a rape’
Importance of different feeling and different emotions
The importance of the experience with criminal justice actors and the manner in
which this influences and interacts with the primary experience of victimization
The way others react to victimization:
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VICTIMOLOGY AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM........................................................................1
H.1. INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY.....................................................................................................4
SUSAN BRISON – AFTERMATH......................................................................................................................4
THE ‘JANUS-FACE’ OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE.........................................................................................................6
CONCERNING CIRCLES OF VICTIMS..................................................................................................................7
H.2. CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES: PART 1...........................................................................................8
DEFINING VICTIMIZATION BY CRIME: SOME COMPLEXITIES..................................................................................8
COUNTING VICTIMIZATION BY CRIME............................................................................................................10
SOMETHING WE (THINK WE) KNOW ABOUT VICTIMIZATION BY CRIME.................................................................15
SOME EXPLANATIONS OF VICTIMIZATION BY CRIME..........................................................................................16
H.3. CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: PART 2...........................................................................................21
CHILD VICTIMIZATION: DEVELOPMENTAL VICTIMOLOGY....................................................................................21
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: VIOLENCE AT HOME.........................................................................................24
GENDERED VIOLENCE RESEARCH (THE RABBITS)..............................................................................................26
RAPE VICTIMIZATION.................................................................................................................................28
CO-VICTIMS OF HOMICIDE..........................................................................................................................32
CYBERCRIME VICTIMIZATION.......................................................................................................................35
VICTIMS OF TERRORISM.............................................................................................................................37
TERRORISM: WHOSE VICTIMIZATION IS IT?.....................................................................................................37
VICTIMS OF ATROCITY CRIMES: GENOCIDE.....................................................................................................40
H.4.: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON VICTIMIZATION............................................................................44
PERSPECTIVES..........................................................................................................................................44
TRAUMATIC STRESS...................................................................................................................................44
TRAUMATIC MEMORIES.............................................................................................................................50
SHATTERED ASSUMPTIONS (JANOF-BULAM 1992).........................................................................................52
BLAMING................................................................................................................................................53
CONTROL (FRAZIER)..................................................................................................................................53
VICTIM ENTITLEMENT................................................................................................................................53
(NARCISSTIC) ENTITLEMENT........................................................................................................................54
VICTIM NARRATIVES..................................................................................................................................54
COMPETITIVE VICTIMHOOD.........................................................................................................................56
BIASED MEMORY: IDENTITY IN VICTIMISATION................................................................................................56
A DIFFERENT EXAMPLE OF THE ROLE OF VICTIMIZATION IN INGROUP IDENTITY......................................................57
COMPETITIVE VICTIMHOOD: CONSEQUENCES.................................................................................................57
ADAPTIVE ENTITLEMENT............................................................................................................................58
A DIFFERENT REACTION TO VICTIMISATION....................................................................................................58
FRAMING VICTIMIZATION...........................................................................................................................61
1
,VICARIOUS RETRIBUTION............................................................................................................................62
A STUDY IN FOLK PSYCHOLOGY....................................................................................................................63
THE PECULIAR EFFECTS OF THINKING ABOUT YOUR OWN DEATH.........................................................................63
PERSPECTIVES..........................................................................................................................................64
AN EXAM EXAMPLE...................................................................................................................................64
H.5. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES........................................................................................................66
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES......................................................................................................................66
THE DISCOVERY OF ‘NEW VICTIMS’...............................................................................................................67
WHOPPER THE BULLDOG...........................................................................................................................68
STRAIGHTFORWARD RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VICTIM-VICTIMIZER.......................................................................68
WHAT’S IN A WORD?................................................................................................................................68
THE VICTIM LABEL.....................................................................................................................................69
THE MYTH OF PURE EVIL...........................................................................................................................69
DIFFERENCE WITH REAL LIFE.......................................................................................................................70
JACK KATZ: WHAT MAKES CRIME NEWS?......................................................................................................71
HOW IS VICTIMIZATION PORTRAYED IN CAMPAIGNS TO SUPPORT VICTIMS?..........................................................72
FRAMING................................................................................................................................................73
NOT FOLLOWING THE STEREOTYPES..............................................................................................................74
NOT DISPLAYING THE ‘RIGHT; REACTION’.......................................................................................................74
MICRO-AGGRESSION.................................................................................................................................75
DIFFICULTY SEEING VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS AT THE SAME TIME.......................................................................76
IN REALITY: LARGE OVERLAP BETWEEN VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS........................................................................77
WHOSE CLAIMS GET RESPECTED?................................................................................................................77
CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.............................................................................................78
FALSE RATHER THAN REPRESSED MEMORIES...................................................................................................78
VICTIMISATION /VICTIMOLOGY: WHY NOW?..................................................................................................79
LESSONS FROM THE CLASSICS......................................................................................................................79
FEMINISM AND THE ETHICS OF CARE............................................................................................................81
VICTIMS ISSUES & CARE............................................................................................................................81
RISKS.....................................................................................................................................................83
THERAPY CULTURE (FUREDI, 2004).............................................................................................................83
OVERVIEW..............................................................................................................................................84
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES......................................................................................................................84
EXAMPLE OF AN EXAM QUESTION................................................................................................................85
H.6. JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES.................................................................................................................86
JUSTICE PERSPECTIVES...............................................................................................................................86
SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION........................................................................................................................86
NEEDS RELATING TO THE HARM OF VICTIMISATION..........................................................................................87
VICTIMISATION IS BOTH HARMFUL AND WRONGFUL........................................................................................88
REVENGE AND RETRIBUTION.......................................................................................................................90
COMPENSATION, SYMBOLIC REPARATION AND VALUE RESTORATION...................................................................94
INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE, INFORMATIONAL JUSTICE AND PROCEDURAL JUSTICE......................................................96
A TYPOLOGY OF VICTIMS RIGHTS..................................................................................................................98
SUMMARY..............................................................................................................................................99
2
,EXAM QUESTION......................................................................................................................................99
H. 7 RESTORATIVE PERSEPCTIVES/JUSTICE............................................................................................100
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................100
DEFINITION OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE..........................................................................................................100
SITUATING RESTORATIVE JUSTICE...............................................................................................................101
TYPES OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE.................................................................................................................102
THE PROCESS OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE.......................................................................................................103
UNDERLYING THEORIES OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICES.........................................................................................104
VICTIMS AND RESTORATIVE JUSTICE............................................................................................................110
EXAM QUESTION....................................................................................................................................113
H. 8 VICTIMS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: GENERAL OVERVIEW AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES...........114
OUTLINE...............................................................................................................................................114
SOME BACKGROUND ON THE EU AND THE VICTIMS OF CRIME.........................................................................114
THE EU VICTIMS DIRECTIVE......................................................................................................................121
A CLOSER LOOK AT THE CONTENTS OF THE EU-DIRECTIVE...............................................................................122
THE DIRECTIVE TODAY.............................................................................................................................134
AN EXAM QUESTION...............................................................................................................................137
H.9. VICTIMS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES..............................................138
REVISITING A NUMBER OF TOPICS FROM PREVIOUS LECTURES..........................................................................138
VICTIMS PROVISIONS/RIGHTS IN THREE RELATIONSHIPS..................................................................................140
TYPOLOGY OF VICTIMS RIGHTS BASED ON THREE RELATIONSHIPS (VAN DIJK)......................................................142
RELATIONSHIP B: OFFENDER – STATE “CRIMINAL LAW”..................................................................................145
RELATIONSHIP C: VICTIM – OFFENDER “CIVIL LAW/RESTORATIVE JUCTICE”.........................................................153
EXAM QUESTION....................................................................................................................................157
H.10: RECAP AND MOCK EXAM..........................................................................................................158
3
, H.1. INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY
RESEARCH ON VICTIMS AND SOCIETY
Narrative victimoloogy
Cultural victimology
Justice processes, including and in particular restorative justice
Political violence, terrorism and international crimes
Connection between academia and practice: past history with victim support
Ethics of victimology
RESEARCH ON RESTOATIVE JUSTICE
Emotions in restorative justice
Governance of restorative justice
Culture and restorative justice
New frontiers in restorative justice
SUSAN BRISON – AFTERMATH
EXPCERT 1
The aspect of control, trying to control her own victimization
She felt the shame
Fear to be victimized again
More easy to talk about ‘an attempted murder’ than ‘a rape’
Importance of different feeling and different emotions
The importance of the experience with criminal justice actors and the manner in
which this influences and interacts with the primary experience of victimization
The way others react to victimization:
4
