PSYC 365 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
learning
long-term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience
principles of learning
identify certain factors that influence learning and describe the specific effects that these
factors have; fairly stable over time
ex: A behavior that is followed by a satisfying state of affairs (reward) is more likely to
increase in frequency than a behavior not followed by a reward.
theory of learning
provides explanations about the underlying mechanisms involved in learning; tells us
why these factors are important; can change with new research
ex: People learn what they pay attention to. A reward increases learning when it makes
people pay attention to the information to be learned.
law
principle that is observed over and over again and stands the test of time
experience-expectant
skills that human beings have possessed for eons, brain uses experiences that humans
encounter in virtually any environment to fine-tune its powers
,ex: language, visual perception
experience-dependent
skills that are particular to a culture and emerge only when certain environmental
conditions nurture them but they can emerge at any age
ex: where stores are located?
equipotentiality
assumption in behaviorism that humans and animals learn in similar ways
parsimony
behaviorist idea that learning should be explained with as few learning principles as
possible
associative bias
associations between certain stimuli are more likely to be made than associations
between others (particularly if one is loud, bright, etc.)
contingency
two stimuli presented at approximately the same time; an essential condition in classical
conditioning
sensory preconditioning
similar to higher-order conditioning in that one stimulus-response associations builds on
another, but the steps occur in a different order (present two NS at the same time then
the US rather than developing a CS to hook onto the NS2)
instrumental conditioning
, humans and animals tend to behave in ways that bring them desirable consequences or
enable them to avoid unpleasant ones
connectionism
Thorndike's theory that emphasized the role of experience in the strengthening and
weakening of stimulus-response connections
law of effect
Thorndike; responses to a situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened,
responses that are followed by discomfort are weakened
operant conditioning
Skinner; a response that is followed by a reinforcer is strengthened and therefore more
likely to occur again
material reinforcer
tangible reinforcer; actual object
social reinforcer
gesture or sign that one person gives another, usually to communicate positive regard
activity reinforcer
opportunity to engage in a favorite activity
verbal reprimand
scolding or admonishment
restitution
misbehaving individual must return the environment to the same state of affairs that it
was in before the misbehavior
positive-practice overcorrection
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
learning
long-term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience
principles of learning
identify certain factors that influence learning and describe the specific effects that these
factors have; fairly stable over time
ex: A behavior that is followed by a satisfying state of affairs (reward) is more likely to
increase in frequency than a behavior not followed by a reward.
theory of learning
provides explanations about the underlying mechanisms involved in learning; tells us
why these factors are important; can change with new research
ex: People learn what they pay attention to. A reward increases learning when it makes
people pay attention to the information to be learned.
law
principle that is observed over and over again and stands the test of time
experience-expectant
skills that human beings have possessed for eons, brain uses experiences that humans
encounter in virtually any environment to fine-tune its powers
,ex: language, visual perception
experience-dependent
skills that are particular to a culture and emerge only when certain environmental
conditions nurture them but they can emerge at any age
ex: where stores are located?
equipotentiality
assumption in behaviorism that humans and animals learn in similar ways
parsimony
behaviorist idea that learning should be explained with as few learning principles as
possible
associative bias
associations between certain stimuli are more likely to be made than associations
between others (particularly if one is loud, bright, etc.)
contingency
two stimuli presented at approximately the same time; an essential condition in classical
conditioning
sensory preconditioning
similar to higher-order conditioning in that one stimulus-response associations builds on
another, but the steps occur in a different order (present two NS at the same time then
the US rather than developing a CS to hook onto the NS2)
instrumental conditioning
, humans and animals tend to behave in ways that bring them desirable consequences or
enable them to avoid unpleasant ones
connectionism
Thorndike's theory that emphasized the role of experience in the strengthening and
weakening of stimulus-response connections
law of effect
Thorndike; responses to a situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened,
responses that are followed by discomfort are weakened
operant conditioning
Skinner; a response that is followed by a reinforcer is strengthened and therefore more
likely to occur again
material reinforcer
tangible reinforcer; actual object
social reinforcer
gesture or sign that one person gives another, usually to communicate positive regard
activity reinforcer
opportunity to engage in a favorite activity
verbal reprimand
scolding or admonishment
restitution
misbehaving individual must return the environment to the same state of affairs that it
was in before the misbehavior
positive-practice overcorrection
