Root Functions Leaf types
- Anchor the plant and hold upright Simple, compound, peltate and perfoliate
- Absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct Simple leaf = undivided blade with a single axillary
them to the stem bud at the base of its petiole.
- Store large quantities of plant food Peltate leaves = petioles that are attached to the
- Propagate or reproduce some plants middle of the blade
Perfoliate leaves = sessile leaves that surround and
Fibrous Roots
are pierced by stems;
Fibrous root plants are very easy to transplant
Compound leaf = blade divided into leaflets,
Roots are smaller, shorter and more compact,
leaflets lack an axillary bud but each compound
allowing more roots to be saved
leaf has a single bud at the base of its petiole
Tap Roots
pinnately-compound leaves: leaflets in pairs and
Tap root systems have longer and fewer roots
attached along a central rachis;
Tap roots are usually cut off during transplanting
palmately-compound leaves: leaflets attached at
which loses root hairs and the ability absorb
the same point at the end of the petiole
water and nutrients
Tap roots will conduct and store water and 4 main parts of a flower
nutrients but not absorb it SEPALS
Gravitropism is a coordinated process of differential - Protect flower while developing from bud
growth by a plant in response to gravity pulling on it. - Look like green little leaves
- Collectively called CALYX
Types of Stems
PETALS
• Herbaceous – soft tissue that bends (ex:
- All the petals make the corolla
houseplants)
- Brightly colored part of a flower
• Woody – brittle, non-bendable, bark-like tissue (ex:
- Used to attract pollinator
trees, shrubs)
Female Parts: PISTIL Made of 4 parts:
Functions of Stems o Stigma -Where pollen grains attach to
- Transport materials up and down the plant through o Style -Long filament structure
the vascular system -Prevents pollen contamination
o Ovary - Protects ovule; becomes fruit when
Xylem Tissue- Moves water and nutrients UPward
fertilized
from the roots to the stems and leaves
o Ovule - Becomes seed when fertilized
Phloem Tissue - Moves water and nutrients
Male Parts: STAMEN Made of 3 parts:
DOWNward from the stems and leaves to the roots
o Anthers - Produce pollen
Function of leaves - Contains thousands of pollen grains
Leaves are the solar energy and CO2 collectors of - Pollen contains male sex cells
plants. o Connective
In some plants, leaves have become adapted for o Filament
specialized functions. - Holds the anthers
4 types of a flower - Fine and hair like
PERFECT FLOWER Meristematic- tissue is defined as a mass
Has both Pistil (Female) and Stamen (Male) of young, immature and undifferentiated
IMPERFECT FLOWER cells, which remain young forever and
Has ONLY one type of reproductive organs (STAMEN OR divide throughout the life of the plant.
PISTILS) Requires 2 flowers (1 male, 1 female) to reproduce
MONOECIOUS
COMPLETE FLOWER
Plant has perfect flowers (both
Has all 4 parts (Sepals, petals, pistil, stamen) All complete
sexes)
flowers are perfect, but not all perfect flowers are complete.
Plant has separate male and female
INCOMPLETE FLOWER
flowers located on the same plant
Lacks one or more of the 4 parts
DIOECIOUS
DICOT MONOCOT Has imperfect flowers on separate
Flower parts with Embryo growth with single plants
multiples of 4 or 5 cotyledon One plant is male, one plant is female
Stem vascular bundles Flower parts in multiples of 3 Need 2 plants to reproduce
in a ring Major leaf veins run parallel
Stem vascular bundles scattered
, DIVERSIY OF BACTERIA
Permanent Tissue
Proteobacteria
- These tissues arise from the meristematic tissue
-It includes many bacteria that are part of the normal
- The cells of this tissue gradually lose their power to
human microbiota as well as many
divide and acquire a definite shape, size and
pathogens.
function.
Chlamydia
- These tissues may be living or dead.
- It can cause serious, permanent damage to a
- There are 2 types of permanent tissues:
woman’s reproductive system.
o Simple permanent tissue
Spirochaetes
o Complex permanent tissue
- cause diseases such as syphilis, Lyme disease,
Xylem relapsing fever and leptospirosis. Most of the
- It is a complex permanent tissue, which is specialized for spirochetes are characterized by their distinct shapes
the conduction of water and mineral substances in the and unique motility.
plant body. Cyanobacteria
- Xylem is a heterogenous tissue made up of four different - are aquatic and photosynthetic, they live in the
types of cellular elements. They are: Tracheids, vessels, water - can manufacture their own food
fibres, parenchyma. - unicellular often grow in colonies large enough to
Phoelem see
-Phloem is a complex permanent tissue, which is
specialized for the conduction of food and other The Importance of Bacteria
organic substances. - disease causing bacteria are few compared with the num
-Phloem is also a heterogenous tissue, made up of four of harmless and beneficial bacteria
different types of substances. Sieve elements, - bacteria help to fertilize fields
companion cells, fibres, parechyma - recycles nutrients on earth
- produces food and medicine
BACTERIA - The simplest of organisms, bacteria are
- several species of bacteria convert have enzymes that
thought to be the most ancient. They are the most
coverts nitrogen into ammonia in the
abundant
process of nitrogen fixation
living organisms. Bacteria lack the high degree of
- others convert it into nitrate which plants can use
internal compartmentalization characteristic of
eukaryotes VIRUS
Shape of Bacteria - Viruses are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a
1. Cocci- are spherical or oval cells protein coat and are smaller than the
2. Bacilli- are rod shaped cells smallest bacterium.
3. Vibrios- comma shaped curved rods and derive their - “Virus” originates from Latin word “poison”.
name from their characteristic’s vibratory motility - Term was originally used by Pasteur to describe
4. Spirilla -are rigid spiral forms infectious agent for rabies.
5. Spirochetes -are flexuous spiral forms - Most biologist consider viruses as nonliving because
they don't exhibit all the criteria for life.
Reproduction (bacteria) - They don’t carry out respiration, grow, or develop.
Binary fission - All viruses can do is replicate, make copies of
- asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two themselves, and they can't even do that without
cells
Viral structure
- both cells have identical DNA. - Problem: less
- Has an inner core of nucleic acid either RNA or DNA
genetic diversity
- Has an outer protein coat called caspid.
- Solution: conjugation
- Some relatively large viruses such as human flu viruses may
Conjugation
have additional layer called envelope, surrounding thier
- form of sexual reproduction
caspids.
- genetic transfer occurs
- The core nucleic acid contains a virus's genetic material, it
- One bacterium transfers all parts of its
contains instruction for making copies
chromosome to another cell through pilus. - pilus
of virus.
connects two cells Viral Shapes
- Conjugation results to a new bacterium with new Spherical: round shaped
genetic composition. - GENETIC DIVERSTY Helical: Ribbon-like protein forms a spiral around the
Proteobacteria nucleic acid. May be rigid or flexible.
- phylum of gram-negative bacteria it includes many Polyhedral: Many-sides
bacteria that are part of the normal human microbiota Complex viruses: Unusual shapes Bacteriophages have
as well as many pathogens tail fibers, sheath, and a plate attached to capsid.
Poxviruses have several coats around the nucleic acid.
- Anchor the plant and hold upright Simple, compound, peltate and perfoliate
- Absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct Simple leaf = undivided blade with a single axillary
them to the stem bud at the base of its petiole.
- Store large quantities of plant food Peltate leaves = petioles that are attached to the
- Propagate or reproduce some plants middle of the blade
Perfoliate leaves = sessile leaves that surround and
Fibrous Roots
are pierced by stems;
Fibrous root plants are very easy to transplant
Compound leaf = blade divided into leaflets,
Roots are smaller, shorter and more compact,
leaflets lack an axillary bud but each compound
allowing more roots to be saved
leaf has a single bud at the base of its petiole
Tap Roots
pinnately-compound leaves: leaflets in pairs and
Tap root systems have longer and fewer roots
attached along a central rachis;
Tap roots are usually cut off during transplanting
palmately-compound leaves: leaflets attached at
which loses root hairs and the ability absorb
the same point at the end of the petiole
water and nutrients
Tap roots will conduct and store water and 4 main parts of a flower
nutrients but not absorb it SEPALS
Gravitropism is a coordinated process of differential - Protect flower while developing from bud
growth by a plant in response to gravity pulling on it. - Look like green little leaves
- Collectively called CALYX
Types of Stems
PETALS
• Herbaceous – soft tissue that bends (ex:
- All the petals make the corolla
houseplants)
- Brightly colored part of a flower
• Woody – brittle, non-bendable, bark-like tissue (ex:
- Used to attract pollinator
trees, shrubs)
Female Parts: PISTIL Made of 4 parts:
Functions of Stems o Stigma -Where pollen grains attach to
- Transport materials up and down the plant through o Style -Long filament structure
the vascular system -Prevents pollen contamination
o Ovary - Protects ovule; becomes fruit when
Xylem Tissue- Moves water and nutrients UPward
fertilized
from the roots to the stems and leaves
o Ovule - Becomes seed when fertilized
Phloem Tissue - Moves water and nutrients
Male Parts: STAMEN Made of 3 parts:
DOWNward from the stems and leaves to the roots
o Anthers - Produce pollen
Function of leaves - Contains thousands of pollen grains
Leaves are the solar energy and CO2 collectors of - Pollen contains male sex cells
plants. o Connective
In some plants, leaves have become adapted for o Filament
specialized functions. - Holds the anthers
4 types of a flower - Fine and hair like
PERFECT FLOWER Meristematic- tissue is defined as a mass
Has both Pistil (Female) and Stamen (Male) of young, immature and undifferentiated
IMPERFECT FLOWER cells, which remain young forever and
Has ONLY one type of reproductive organs (STAMEN OR divide throughout the life of the plant.
PISTILS) Requires 2 flowers (1 male, 1 female) to reproduce
MONOECIOUS
COMPLETE FLOWER
Plant has perfect flowers (both
Has all 4 parts (Sepals, petals, pistil, stamen) All complete
sexes)
flowers are perfect, but not all perfect flowers are complete.
Plant has separate male and female
INCOMPLETE FLOWER
flowers located on the same plant
Lacks one or more of the 4 parts
DIOECIOUS
DICOT MONOCOT Has imperfect flowers on separate
Flower parts with Embryo growth with single plants
multiples of 4 or 5 cotyledon One plant is male, one plant is female
Stem vascular bundles Flower parts in multiples of 3 Need 2 plants to reproduce
in a ring Major leaf veins run parallel
Stem vascular bundles scattered
, DIVERSIY OF BACTERIA
Permanent Tissue
Proteobacteria
- These tissues arise from the meristematic tissue
-It includes many bacteria that are part of the normal
- The cells of this tissue gradually lose their power to
human microbiota as well as many
divide and acquire a definite shape, size and
pathogens.
function.
Chlamydia
- These tissues may be living or dead.
- It can cause serious, permanent damage to a
- There are 2 types of permanent tissues:
woman’s reproductive system.
o Simple permanent tissue
Spirochaetes
o Complex permanent tissue
- cause diseases such as syphilis, Lyme disease,
Xylem relapsing fever and leptospirosis. Most of the
- It is a complex permanent tissue, which is specialized for spirochetes are characterized by their distinct shapes
the conduction of water and mineral substances in the and unique motility.
plant body. Cyanobacteria
- Xylem is a heterogenous tissue made up of four different - are aquatic and photosynthetic, they live in the
types of cellular elements. They are: Tracheids, vessels, water - can manufacture their own food
fibres, parenchyma. - unicellular often grow in colonies large enough to
Phoelem see
-Phloem is a complex permanent tissue, which is
specialized for the conduction of food and other The Importance of Bacteria
organic substances. - disease causing bacteria are few compared with the num
-Phloem is also a heterogenous tissue, made up of four of harmless and beneficial bacteria
different types of substances. Sieve elements, - bacteria help to fertilize fields
companion cells, fibres, parechyma - recycles nutrients on earth
- produces food and medicine
BACTERIA - The simplest of organisms, bacteria are
- several species of bacteria convert have enzymes that
thought to be the most ancient. They are the most
coverts nitrogen into ammonia in the
abundant
process of nitrogen fixation
living organisms. Bacteria lack the high degree of
- others convert it into nitrate which plants can use
internal compartmentalization characteristic of
eukaryotes VIRUS
Shape of Bacteria - Viruses are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a
1. Cocci- are spherical or oval cells protein coat and are smaller than the
2. Bacilli- are rod shaped cells smallest bacterium.
3. Vibrios- comma shaped curved rods and derive their - “Virus” originates from Latin word “poison”.
name from their characteristic’s vibratory motility - Term was originally used by Pasteur to describe
4. Spirilla -are rigid spiral forms infectious agent for rabies.
5. Spirochetes -are flexuous spiral forms - Most biologist consider viruses as nonliving because
they don't exhibit all the criteria for life.
Reproduction (bacteria) - They don’t carry out respiration, grow, or develop.
Binary fission - All viruses can do is replicate, make copies of
- asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two themselves, and they can't even do that without
cells
Viral structure
- both cells have identical DNA. - Problem: less
- Has an inner core of nucleic acid either RNA or DNA
genetic diversity
- Has an outer protein coat called caspid.
- Solution: conjugation
- Some relatively large viruses such as human flu viruses may
Conjugation
have additional layer called envelope, surrounding thier
- form of sexual reproduction
caspids.
- genetic transfer occurs
- The core nucleic acid contains a virus's genetic material, it
- One bacterium transfers all parts of its
contains instruction for making copies
chromosome to another cell through pilus. - pilus
of virus.
connects two cells Viral Shapes
- Conjugation results to a new bacterium with new Spherical: round shaped
genetic composition. - GENETIC DIVERSTY Helical: Ribbon-like protein forms a spiral around the
Proteobacteria nucleic acid. May be rigid or flexible.
- phylum of gram-negative bacteria it includes many Polyhedral: Many-sides
bacteria that are part of the normal human microbiota Complex viruses: Unusual shapes Bacteriophages have
as well as many pathogens tail fibers, sheath, and a plate attached to capsid.
Poxviruses have several coats around the nucleic acid.
