Fundamentals
of Biochemistry
,Fundamentals of Biochemistry
AUTHOR
TNAU
, Index
Lecture Name Page No
1 Introduction, Carbohydrates – importance 4-10
&classification
2 Occurrence and Structure of Monosaccharides 11-17
3 Structure of Disaccharides & Polysaccharides 18-29
4 Muta rotation, optical activity and physical 30-32
properties of sugars
5 Chemical properties of carbohydrates 33-34
6 Lipids - introduction, importance and classification 35-37
7, 8, 9 Plant fatty acids 38-51
10 Physical constants 52-55
11 Amino Acids and Protiens 56-63
12 Proteins 64-70
13, 14 Conformation of protein 71-80
15 Enzymes 81-85
16 Mechanism of Enzyme Action 86-93
17 Mix Term Examination 94
18 Apoenzymes, coenzymes and cofactors, Isozymes 95-97
19 - 24 Metabolism of Carbohydrate 98-111
25 Lipases and Phospholipases 112-114
26 Oxidation of Fatty Acids 115-119
27 Fatty acid and triacyl glycerol biosynthesis 120-126
28 Transamination, Deamination and Decarbixtlation 127-130
29 Ammonia assimilating enzymes, GDH, GS and 131-133
GOGAT
30 Secondary Metabolities- Occurrence, classification 134-135
and functions of phenolics
, Fundamentals of Biochemistry
Lecture-1
Introduction, Carbohydrates – importance &classification
Biochemistry, as the name implies, is the chemistry of living organisms.
Living organisms, whether they are microorganisms, plants or animals are basically
made up of the same chemical components. Biochemistry is the study of the way in
which these components are synthesized and utilized by the organisms in their life
processes. It bridges the gap between the conventional chemistry and biology.
In other words, life is nothing but thousands of ordered chemical reactions or
chemistry is the logic of all biological phenomena.
History of biochemistry
During 17th and 18th centuries, important foundations were laid in many fields of
biology.
The 19th century observed the development of concepts - the cell theory by
Schleiden and Schwann, Mendel’s study of inheritance and Darwin’s
theory of evolution.
The real push to biochemistry was given in 1828 when total synthesis of urea
from lead cyanate and ammonia was achieved by Wohler who thus initiated
the synthesis of organic compound from inorganic compound.
Louis Pasteur, during 1857, did a great deal of work on fermentations and
pointed out the central importance of enzymes in this process.
The breakthrough in enzyme research and hence, biochemistry was made in
1897 by Edward Buchner when he extracted enzyme from yeast cells in
crude form which could ferment a sugar molecule into alcohol.
Neuberg introduced the term biochemistry in 1903.
The early part of 20th century witnessed a sudden outburst of knowledge in chemical
analysis, separation methods, electronic instrumentation for biological studies (X-
ray diffraction, electron microscope, etc) which ultimately resulted in understanding
the structure and function of several key molecules involved in life processes such as
proteins, enzymes, DNA and RNA.
In 1926, James Sumner established the protein nature of enzyme. He was
responsible for the isolation and crystallization of urease, which provided a
breakthrough in studying of the properties of specific enzymes.
The first metabolic pathway elucidated was the glycolytic pathway during the
first half of the 20th century by Embden and Meyerhof. Otto Warburg, Cori
4 www.AgriMoon.Com
of Biochemistry
,Fundamentals of Biochemistry
AUTHOR
TNAU
, Index
Lecture Name Page No
1 Introduction, Carbohydrates – importance 4-10
&classification
2 Occurrence and Structure of Monosaccharides 11-17
3 Structure of Disaccharides & Polysaccharides 18-29
4 Muta rotation, optical activity and physical 30-32
properties of sugars
5 Chemical properties of carbohydrates 33-34
6 Lipids - introduction, importance and classification 35-37
7, 8, 9 Plant fatty acids 38-51
10 Physical constants 52-55
11 Amino Acids and Protiens 56-63
12 Proteins 64-70
13, 14 Conformation of protein 71-80
15 Enzymes 81-85
16 Mechanism of Enzyme Action 86-93
17 Mix Term Examination 94
18 Apoenzymes, coenzymes and cofactors, Isozymes 95-97
19 - 24 Metabolism of Carbohydrate 98-111
25 Lipases and Phospholipases 112-114
26 Oxidation of Fatty Acids 115-119
27 Fatty acid and triacyl glycerol biosynthesis 120-126
28 Transamination, Deamination and Decarbixtlation 127-130
29 Ammonia assimilating enzymes, GDH, GS and 131-133
GOGAT
30 Secondary Metabolities- Occurrence, classification 134-135
and functions of phenolics
, Fundamentals of Biochemistry
Lecture-1
Introduction, Carbohydrates – importance &classification
Biochemistry, as the name implies, is the chemistry of living organisms.
Living organisms, whether they are microorganisms, plants or animals are basically
made up of the same chemical components. Biochemistry is the study of the way in
which these components are synthesized and utilized by the organisms in their life
processes. It bridges the gap between the conventional chemistry and biology.
In other words, life is nothing but thousands of ordered chemical reactions or
chemistry is the logic of all biological phenomena.
History of biochemistry
During 17th and 18th centuries, important foundations were laid in many fields of
biology.
The 19th century observed the development of concepts - the cell theory by
Schleiden and Schwann, Mendel’s study of inheritance and Darwin’s
theory of evolution.
The real push to biochemistry was given in 1828 when total synthesis of urea
from lead cyanate and ammonia was achieved by Wohler who thus initiated
the synthesis of organic compound from inorganic compound.
Louis Pasteur, during 1857, did a great deal of work on fermentations and
pointed out the central importance of enzymes in this process.
The breakthrough in enzyme research and hence, biochemistry was made in
1897 by Edward Buchner when he extracted enzyme from yeast cells in
crude form which could ferment a sugar molecule into alcohol.
Neuberg introduced the term biochemistry in 1903.
The early part of 20th century witnessed a sudden outburst of knowledge in chemical
analysis, separation methods, electronic instrumentation for biological studies (X-
ray diffraction, electron microscope, etc) which ultimately resulted in understanding
the structure and function of several key molecules involved in life processes such as
proteins, enzymes, DNA and RNA.
In 1926, James Sumner established the protein nature of enzyme. He was
responsible for the isolation and crystallization of urease, which provided a
breakthrough in studying of the properties of specific enzymes.
The first metabolic pathway elucidated was the glycolytic pathway during the
first half of the 20th century by Embden and Meyerhof. Otto Warburg, Cori
4 www.AgriMoon.Com
