SLHS 580 Exam #1 Questions and Answers correct

SLHS 580 Exam #1 Questions and Answers correct "young old" Hint: age group; birth years; generation *65-74 years old *born *members of the "Silent generation/Baby Boomers" -post-war children "old old" Hint: age group; birth years; generation *75-84 *born *members of the "Silent generation" - too young to serve in WW2; young witnesses of WW2; Children of the Depression "oldest old" Hint: age group; birth years; generation *85+ *born 1931 and before *members of the "Greatest generation" -includes WW2 veterans; old enough to be part of the war effort The following are correct age categories for "young old, old old, and oldest old" respectively: A. 65-74, 75-84, 85+ B. 65-79, 80-94, 95+ A What part of the brain helps with memory, taste, and smell and is where Alzheimers starts? Entorhinal cortex Map young old, old old, and oldest old onto the following generations respectively A. Baby Boomers, Silent Generation, Greatest Generation B. Baby Boomers, Greatest Generation, Silent Generation C. Silent Generation, Baby Boomers, Greatest Generation A Idea of aging in _______ suggests that each aging generation is different. place *In 2004, ____% of the US population 65 yrs and older; by ________, 20% of the US population above 65 -Increase is in part due to the baby boomers aging (post-war, born between ) *Baby boomers will be turning 65 between ______ and 2029 12; 2030; 2011 *72,000 documented US centenarians in ______; projected 834,000 US centenarians by 2050 *In 2003, ____ men per 100 women for young old; 64 men per 100 women for old old; ______ men per 100 women for oldest old In 2010, average life expectancy in US was __________ years (76.2 for men and 81.0 for women) 2000; 82; 40.7; 78.7 *In 2007, the poverty line was $_______ for an individual 65+ *Poverty rate among 65+ was 9.7% in ________ (6.6% for men, 12% for women) -6.4% near-poor (within 125% of poverty line); without Social Security, 47% of 65+ would be poor. 9,944; 2007 *_______________ generation: a term employed for the impact of caregiving responsibilities on middle-aged *Shift in leading causes of death from infectious/acute illness to chronic illness/degenerative diseases *More than half of Americans 65+ are married; most have adult children and at least one sibling *__________ are grandparents; good grandparent-grandchild relationships are associated with overall higher social activity and life satisfaction for the older adult (Soliz et al, 2006) *Those with quality friendships are happier, healthier, and more involved (Rawlins, 2004) *Older adults tend to have _______ friendships - strong focus on most rewarding ones *Close friendships have more positive effect (lower mortality) for older women than for older men * If people work by their own choice, they report________ health and well-being (Hertzog et al.,1991) -about 1/3 of retirees want to keep working (even if they don Sandwich; 3/4 (three quarters); fewer; better the study of "healthy" aging gerontology *the study of aging with health issues *medical study of aging *It was first founded by Robert Butler Geriatrics what are 3 different areas of research in gerontology? *Sociological -how elders feel with their family -Social changes, such as how one interacts with others and how society interacts with you *Cognitive - memory in the brain; less myelin in neuron fibers = slower processing -Mental changes, including how thoughts and memories change *Physical - ppl get cataracts, lose weight - Physical changes, like those in the muscles, skeleton and hormone systems __________________: Thinking that all older people are alike - a negative view of age (Robert Butler, 1968) -May be changing with Baby Boomers • There are so many that they have a strong influence on shaping societal attitudes • A totally different view of aging - Travel - Leisure activities - Family ties - Strong continued involvement ageism [Ageism] *_____________ Role Transitions • Some role transitions are joyful, while others are associated with trauma - Positive Transitions: Becoming a grandparent; retirement; senior discount -Negative Transitions: Loss of Spouse; retirement; going into a home or moving in w/ family (loss of independence); loss of being able to drive; physical changes (ex: bad sight) • In some extreme cases... our roles define who we are and without the role who are we? -identity crisis Ex: Father is already retired plans trips all the time and treating retirement as a long vacation - someone who is depressed they will lack performance and motivation in daily life social T or F: [Ageism] GRANDPARENT ROLE • "Grandparent" is an age identity that may fit some better than others • Good grandparent-grandchild relationships are associated with overall higher social activity and life satisfaction for the older adult (Soliz et al, 2006) • Storytelling (and passing on of history) can be an important component of interactions •When older adults talk about their grandchildren, common themes are a sense of close affiliation, pride, opportunities for exchange, but also a sense of distance (Harwood, 2007) •Grandparents as primary caregivers • 2.7 million grandparents in the US raising grandchildren under 18 in 2010 • In 2010, 21% of grandparent caregivers were living below the poverty line. T T or F: Good social relationships influence physical and psychological health • Material support: The ride to the doctor; help buying groceries, etc • Enhancing of immune function: Psychological well-being positively influences physical resilience • Protecting against effects of stress and negativity • Encouraging positive health behaviors: going on a walk, stopping to smoke, keeping up a healthy diet • Encouraging a sense of self-efficacy:"I have support, I can do this!" T [Social Theories of Aging] Modernization Theory • Status of the elderly __________ as societies become more modern Ex: elders become • Advances in ____________ inversely impact the elderly • New knowledge is valued, ______ knowledge is devalued • Families are dispersed leaving the elderly to fend for themselves -one of the reasons families are dispersed is because of job opportunities declines; technology; old [Social Theories of Aging] • Status of the elderly declines as societies become more modern • Advances in technology inversely impact the elderly • New knowledge is valued, old knowledge is devalued • Families are dispersed leaving the elderly to fend for themselves Modernization Theory [Social Theories of Aging] *Elderly and society look at old age as a time to separate * as society changes the elderly back off -isolation by choice; elders purposely isolate themselves * this theory has been criticized because society was different then * this is the oldest theory *Arguments against this theory: - elders don't choose to be isolated, they might be isolated because they don't have grandchildren or family that is still alive - elders can't be involved because of health issues Disengagement Theory What is Disengagement Theory? What are the arguments against this theory? *Elderly and society look at old age as a time to separate * as society changes the elderly back off -isolation by choice; elders purposely isolate themselves * this theory has been criticized because society was different then * this is the oldest theory *Arguments against this theory: - elders don't choose to be isolated, they might be isolated because they don't have grandchildren or family that is still alive - elders can't be involved because of health issues [Social Theories of Aging] *Successful aging is adapting to and compensating for life changes ex: if they broke a leg they will find an activity that doesn't involve using feet • Eliminate some roles and activities • Emphasizing others that are more important to the person •Social concept of homeostasis - "maintaining balance", to regulate one's behaviors in response to external/physical changes • Arguments against this theory: elders with cognitive decline Compensatory Theory [Social Theories of Aging] Compensatory Theory *Successful aging is ____________ to and compensating for life changes ex: if they broke a leg they will find an activity that doesn't involve using feet • Eliminate some roles and activities • Emphasizing others that are more important to the person •Social concept of ______________ - "maintaining balance", to regulate one's behaviors in response to external/physical changes • Arguments against this theory: elders with cognitive decline adapting; homeostasis [Social Theories of Aging] EXCHANGE THEORY • Interactions in social groups are based on ________ balance -unwritten social contract • Parents take care of children; adult children take care of parents • Spouses/partners/close friends take care of each other • In reality, the majority of care falls to women • 33% wives; 29% daughters; 14% husbands; 7% sons (, CA Caregiving Resource Centers) • _________ generation - a term employed for the impact of caregiving responsibilities on middle- aged individuals -take care of parents and children - they are at risk of depression reciprocal; Sandwich [Social Theories of Aging] • Interactions in social groups are based on reciprocal balance -unwritten social contract • Parents take care of children; adult children take care of parents • Spouses/partners/close friends take care of each other • In reality, the majority of care falls to women • 33% wives; 29% daughters; 14% husbands; 7% sons (, CA Caregiving Resource Centers) • Sandwich generation - a term employed for the impact of caregiving responsibilities on middle- aged individuals -take care of parents and children - they are at risk of depression Exchange Theory • A ___________ - is a proposed answer - Usually, many alternative models/theories exist for an important question - are based on observations - do not represent reality but approximate an aspect of reality model/theory Models and Theories - is a proposed answer - Usually, many alternative models/theories exist for an important question - are based on observations - do not represent reality but approximate an ________ of reality aspect Technology under development, such as smart/self-driving cars, GPS systems, etc, might ultimately help seniors function independently for longer. This prediction is inconsistent with: A. Compensatory Theory B. Disengagement Theory C. Modernization Theory D. Exchange Theory C. Modernization Theory T or F: In Western (industrialized) societies (more than in other societies), Exchange theory is a very fitting model of aging that correctly describes the relationships between older and younger adults. T A person whois using sarcasm is : A. Flouting the maxim of quality B. Violating the maxim of quality C. Flouting the maxim of quantity D. Violating the maxim of quantity A. A senior w/ memory loss who is reporting (Unknowingly) a memory that is not factually accurate could be perceived to be A. Flouting the maxim of quality B. Violating the maxim of quality C. Flouting the maxim of quantity D. Violating the maxim of quantity B. A young adult who is very clearly overaccommodating an older adult in communication could be perceive to be A. Flouting the maxim of quality B. Violating the maxim of quality C. Flouting the maxim of quantity D. Violating the maxim of manner D. Give an example of the violation of the maxim of quantity talking too much T or F: Example of flouting the maxim of manner -imitating what the person saying (making fun of the person) T All of the following are stereotypes that may influence intergenerational communication according to the ASI model except: A. perfect grandparent B. recluse C. shrew/curmudgeon D. attentive granchild D. Wear and Tear Theory is a _________ theory A. Chance B. Fate A. Chance (random events) Cellular Theory is a ____ theory A. Chance B. Fate B. Fate Error Accumulation Theory is a _______ theory A. Chance B. Fate A. Chance Accumulative Waste Theory is a _______ theory A. Chance B. Fate A. Chance Cross-linkage Theory is a _______ theory A. Chance B. Fate A. Chance AutoImmune Theory is a _______ theory A. Chance B. Fate B. Fate The following part of the brain shows the most marked and consistent decline as we age A. subcrotical white matter B. the hippocampus C.temporal lobes D.frontal lobes D. frontal lobes - fully developed by age 21 and then declines The beaver dam epidemiological studies examine all of the following except A. hearing B. sense of smell C. vision D. respiratory fucntion D. respiratory function Age-related neurological changes have been identified. On average, brain weight decreases by ____% between 30 and 90 years of age, and the speed of action potentials through nerve fibers in the brain decreases by _____% between the ages of 20 and 80. Two neurological examples of the Accumulative Waste theory are ________ and __________ 10; 30; plaques; tangles All of the following statements are true about the concept of Reserve Capacity, EXCEPT: A.Reserve Capacity refers to organ function that we have but generally don't need to use B. As reserve capacity declines with age, his becomes immediately obvious in terms of symptoms of aging C. Because of the reserve capacity that our organs have, we are able to "ramp up" the system to meet extreme challenges, such as severe illness or severe exertion D. Reduction in reserve capacity with age means a gradual reduction in our ability to maintain homeostasis under challenging conditions B T or F: *Communication is... • A link with the environment • A source of support • A regulator of behavior • A shaper of identity * elderspeak may be seen as caring/nurturing by fragile older adults. *Need to identify what aspects of elderspeak are functional, and when T What does CAT stand for. What is it? Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) *Basic assumption: we want communication to work (the cooperative principle) *We adjust our speech style depending on who we are talking to • We may have certain stereotypes in place about older adults (hard of hearing; slowing mental speed; not up to date; likely to have different opinions, etc) • Because we want communication to work, we will adjust!! • Overaccomodation: We may speak louder, slower, use grammatically less complex sentences, repeat things, use variable pitch, and only talk about certain topics