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SaylorpURL:phttp://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
1
, Preface
Thispbookpispmeantptopbepaptextbookpforpapstandardpone-
semesterpintroductorypstatisticspcoursepforpgeneralpeducationpstudents.pOurpmotivationpforpwritingpit
p isptwofold:p1.)ptopprovidepaplow-
costpalternativeptopmanypexistingppopularptextbooksponpthepmarket;pandp2.)ptopprovidepapqualityptextb
ookponpthepsubjectpwithpapfocusponpthepcorepmaterialpofpthepcoursepinpapbalancedppresentation.
Thephighpcostpofptextbooksphaspspiraledpoutpofpcontrolpinprecentpyears.pThephighpfrequencypatpwhichp
newpeditionspofppopularptextspappearpputspaptremendouspburdenponpstudentspandpfacultypalike,paspwel
lpaspthepnaturalpenvironment.pAgainstpthispbackgroundpwepsetpoutptopwritepapqualityptextbookpwithpm
aterialspsuchpaspexamplespandpexercisespthatpagepwellpwithptimepandpthatpwouldpthereforepnotprequire
p frequentpnewpeditions.pOurpvisionpresonatespwellpwithptheppublisher’spbusinesspmodelpwhichpinclude
spfreepdigitalpaccess,preducedppaperpprints,pandpeasypcustomizationpbypinstructorspifpadditionalpmater
ialpispdesired.
Overptimepthepcorepcontentpofpthispcoursephaspdevelopedpintopapwell-
definedpbodypofpmaterialpthatpispsubstantialpforpapone-
semesterpcourse.pThepauthorspbelievepthatpthepstudentspinpthispcourseparepbestpservedpbypapfocuspo
npthepcorepmaterialpandpnotpbypanpexposureptopapplethorapofpperipheralptopics.
Thereforepinpwritingpthispbookpwephavepsoughtptoppresentpmaterialpthatpcomprisespfullypapcentralpbod
ypofpknowledgepthatpispdefinedpaccordingptopconvention,prealisticpexpectationpwithprespectptopcoursep
durationpandpstudents’pmaturityplevel,pandpourpprofessionalpjudgmentpandpexperience.pWepbelievepth
atpcertainptopics,pamongpthempPoissonpandpgeometricpdistributionspandpthepnormalpapproximationpt
opthepbinomialpdistributionp(particularlypwithpapcontinuitypcorrection)parepdistractingpinpnature.
Otherptopics,psuchpaspnonparametricpmethods,pwhilepimportant,pdopnotpbelongpinpapfirstpcoursepinpst
atistics.pAspapresultpwepenvisionpapsmallerpandplesspintimidatingptextbookpthatptradespsomepextendedp
andpunnecessaryptopicspforpapbetterpfocusedppresentationpofpthepcentralpmaterial.
Textbookspforpthispcoursepcoverpapwideprangepinptermspofpsimplicitypandpcomplexity.pSomeppopularpt
extbookspemphasizepthepsimplicitypofpindividualpconceptsptoptheppointpofplackingpthepcoherencepofpan
p overallpnetworkpofpconcepts.pOtherptextbookspincludepoverlypdetailedpconceptualpandpcomputational
p discussionspandpaspapresultprepelpstudentspfrompreadingpthem.pThepauthorspbelievepthatpapsuccessful
p bookpmustpstrikepapbalancepbetweenptheptwopextremes,phoweverpdifficultpitpmaypbe.pAspapconsequenc
epthepoverarchingpguidingpprinciplepofpourpwritingpisptopseekpsimplicitypbutptoppreservepthepcoherence
p ofpthepwholepbodypofpinformationpcommunicated,pbothpconceptuallypandpcomputationally.pWepseekp
topremindpourselvesp(andpothers)pthatpwepteachpideas,pnotpjustpstep-by-
SaylorpURL:phttp://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
2
,steppalgorithms,pbutpideaspthatpcanpbepimplementedpbypstraightforwardpalgorithms.
SaylorpURL:phttp://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
3
, Inpourpexperiencepmostpstudentspcomeptopanpintroductorypcoursepinpstatisticspwithpapcalculatorpthatpt
heyparepfamiliarpwithpandpwithpwhichptheirpproficiencypispmorepthanpadequatepforpthepcoursepmaterial.
p Ifpthepinstructorpchoosesptopuseptechnologicalpaids,peitherpcalculatorsporpstatisticalpsoftwarepsuchpasp
MinitabporpSPSS,pforpmorepthanpmereparithmeticalpcomputationspbutpaspapsignificantpcomponentpofpt
hepcoursepthenpeffectivepinstructionpforptheirpusepwillprequirepmorepextensivepwrittenpinstructionpthan
p apmerepparagraphporptwopinptheptext.pGivenpthepplethorapofpsuchpaidspavailable,ptopdiscusspapfewpofpth
empwouldpnotpprovidepsufficientlypwideporpdetailedpcoveragepandptopdiscusspmanypwouldpdigresspunn
ecessarilypfrompthepconceptualpfocuspofpthepbook.pThepoverarchingpphilosophypofpthisptextbookpisptopp
resentpthepcorepmaterialpofpanpintroductorypcoursepinpstatisticspforpnon-
majorspinpapcompletepyetpstreamlinedpway.pMuchproomphaspbeenpintentionallypleftpforpinstructorsptopa
pplyptheirpownpinstructionalpstylespasptheypdeempappropriatepforptheirpclassespandpeducationalpgoals.p
Wepbelievepthatpthepwholepmatterpofpwhatptechnologicalpaidsptopuse,pandptopwhatpextent,pisppreciselypt
heptypepofpmaterialpbestpleftptopthepinstructor’spdiscretion.
AllpfigurespwithpthepexceptionpofpFigurep1.1p"ThepGrandpPicturepofpStatistics",Figurep2.1p"StempandpL
eafpDiagram",pFigurep2.2p"OrderedpStempandpLeafpDiagram",Figurep2.13p"ThepBoxpPlot",pFigurep10.4p
"LinearpCorrelationpCoefficientp",pFigurep10.5p"ThepSimplepLinearpModelpConcept",pandpthepunnumb
eredpfigurepinpNotep2.50p"Examplep16"pofpChapterp2p"DescriptivepStatistics"pwerepgeneratedpusingpM
ATLAB,pcopyrightp2010.
SaylorpURL:phttp://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
4
p p p p p p p p p p p
mons Attribution-NonCommercial-
p
ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested by the work’s o
p p p p p p p p p p
riginal creator or licensee.
p p p
SaylorpURL:phttp://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
1
, Preface
Thispbookpispmeantptopbepaptextbookpforpapstandardpone-
semesterpintroductorypstatisticspcoursepforpgeneralpeducationpstudents.pOurpmotivationpforpwritingpit
p isptwofold:p1.)ptopprovidepaplow-
costpalternativeptopmanypexistingppopularptextbooksponpthepmarket;pandp2.)ptopprovidepapqualityptextb
ookponpthepsubjectpwithpapfocusponpthepcorepmaterialpofpthepcoursepinpapbalancedppresentation.
Thephighpcostpofptextbooksphaspspiraledpoutpofpcontrolpinprecentpyears.pThephighpfrequencypatpwhichp
newpeditionspofppopularptextspappearpputspaptremendouspburdenponpstudentspandpfacultypalike,paspwel
lpaspthepnaturalpenvironment.pAgainstpthispbackgroundpwepsetpoutptopwritepapqualityptextbookpwithpm
aterialspsuchpaspexamplespandpexercisespthatpagepwellpwithptimepandpthatpwouldpthereforepnotprequire
p frequentpnewpeditions.pOurpvisionpresonatespwellpwithptheppublisher’spbusinesspmodelpwhichpinclude
spfreepdigitalpaccess,preducedppaperpprints,pandpeasypcustomizationpbypinstructorspifpadditionalpmater
ialpispdesired.
Overptimepthepcorepcontentpofpthispcoursephaspdevelopedpintopapwell-
definedpbodypofpmaterialpthatpispsubstantialpforpapone-
semesterpcourse.pThepauthorspbelievepthatpthepstudentspinpthispcourseparepbestpservedpbypapfocuspo
npthepcorepmaterialpandpnotpbypanpexposureptopapplethorapofpperipheralptopics.
Thereforepinpwritingpthispbookpwephavepsoughtptoppresentpmaterialpthatpcomprisespfullypapcentralpbod
ypofpknowledgepthatpispdefinedpaccordingptopconvention,prealisticpexpectationpwithprespectptopcoursep
durationpandpstudents’pmaturityplevel,pandpourpprofessionalpjudgmentpandpexperience.pWepbelievepth
atpcertainptopics,pamongpthempPoissonpandpgeometricpdistributionspandpthepnormalpapproximationpt
opthepbinomialpdistributionp(particularlypwithpapcontinuitypcorrection)parepdistractingpinpnature.
Otherptopics,psuchpaspnonparametricpmethods,pwhilepimportant,pdopnotpbelongpinpapfirstpcoursepinpst
atistics.pAspapresultpwepenvisionpapsmallerpandplesspintimidatingptextbookpthatptradespsomepextendedp
andpunnecessaryptopicspforpapbetterpfocusedppresentationpofpthepcentralpmaterial.
Textbookspforpthispcoursepcoverpapwideprangepinptermspofpsimplicitypandpcomplexity.pSomeppopularpt
extbookspemphasizepthepsimplicitypofpindividualpconceptsptoptheppointpofplackingpthepcoherencepofpan
p overallpnetworkpofpconcepts.pOtherptextbookspincludepoverlypdetailedpconceptualpandpcomputational
p discussionspandpaspapresultprepelpstudentspfrompreadingpthem.pThepauthorspbelievepthatpapsuccessful
p bookpmustpstrikepapbalancepbetweenptheptwopextremes,phoweverpdifficultpitpmaypbe.pAspapconsequenc
epthepoverarchingpguidingpprinciplepofpourpwritingpisptopseekpsimplicitypbutptoppreservepthepcoherence
p ofpthepwholepbodypofpinformationpcommunicated,pbothpconceptuallypandpcomputationally.pWepseekp
topremindpourselvesp(andpothers)pthatpwepteachpideas,pnotpjustpstep-by-
SaylorpURL:phttp://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
2
,steppalgorithms,pbutpideaspthatpcanpbepimplementedpbypstraightforwardpalgorithms.
SaylorpURL:phttp://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
3
, Inpourpexperiencepmostpstudentspcomeptopanpintroductorypcoursepinpstatisticspwithpapcalculatorpthatpt
heyparepfamiliarpwithpandpwithpwhichptheirpproficiencypispmorepthanpadequatepforpthepcoursepmaterial.
p Ifpthepinstructorpchoosesptopuseptechnologicalpaids,peitherpcalculatorsporpstatisticalpsoftwarepsuchpasp
MinitabporpSPSS,pforpmorepthanpmereparithmeticalpcomputationspbutpaspapsignificantpcomponentpofpt
hepcoursepthenpeffectivepinstructionpforptheirpusepwillprequirepmorepextensivepwrittenpinstructionpthan
p apmerepparagraphporptwopinptheptext.pGivenpthepplethorapofpsuchpaidspavailable,ptopdiscusspapfewpofpth
empwouldpnotpprovidepsufficientlypwideporpdetailedpcoveragepandptopdiscusspmanypwouldpdigresspunn
ecessarilypfrompthepconceptualpfocuspofpthepbook.pThepoverarchingpphilosophypofpthisptextbookpisptopp
resentpthepcorepmaterialpofpanpintroductorypcoursepinpstatisticspforpnon-
majorspinpapcompletepyetpstreamlinedpway.pMuchproomphaspbeenpintentionallypleftpforpinstructorsptopa
pplyptheirpownpinstructionalpstylespasptheypdeempappropriatepforptheirpclassespandpeducationalpgoals.p
Wepbelievepthatpthepwholepmatterpofpwhatptechnologicalpaidsptopuse,pandptopwhatpextent,pisppreciselypt
heptypepofpmaterialpbestpleftptopthepinstructor’spdiscretion.
AllpfigurespwithpthepexceptionpofpFigurep1.1p"ThepGrandpPicturepofpStatistics",Figurep2.1p"StempandpL
eafpDiagram",pFigurep2.2p"OrderedpStempandpLeafpDiagram",Figurep2.13p"ThepBoxpPlot",pFigurep10.4p
"LinearpCorrelationpCoefficientp",pFigurep10.5p"ThepSimplepLinearpModelpConcept",pandpthepunnumb
eredpfigurepinpNotep2.50p"Examplep16"pofpChapterp2p"DescriptivepStatistics"pwerepgeneratedpusingpM
ATLAB,pcopyrightp2010.
SaylorpURL:phttp://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org
4
