Test Bank for Campbell Biology 12th Edition
b b b b b b b
5′bcapb-
bANSWERbbbAbmodifiedbformbofbguaninebnucleotidebaddedbontobtheb5′bendbofbabpre-
mRNAbmolecule.
Absiteb-
bANSWERbbbOnebofbabribosome'sbthreebbindingbsitesbforbtRNAbduringbtranslation.bThebAb
sitebholdsbthebtRNAbcarryingbthebnextbaminobacidbtobbebaddedbtobthebpolypeptidebchain.b
(AbstandsbforbaminoacylbtRNA.)
ABCbhypothesisb-
bANSWERbbbAbmodelbofbflowerbformationbidentifyingbthreebclassesbofborganbidentitybgen
esbthatbdirectbformationbofbthebfourbtypesbofbfloralborgans.
abioticb(ā′-bī-ot′-ik)b-
bANSWERbbbNonliving;breferringbtobthebphysicalbandbchemicalbpropertiesbofbanbenviron
ment.
abortionb-bANSWERbbbThebterminationbofbabpregnancybinbprogress.
abscisicbacidb(ABA)b(ab-sis′-ik)b-
bANSWERbbbAbplantbhormonebthatbslowsbgrowth,boftenbantagonizingbthebactionsbofbgrow
thbhormones.bTwobofbitsbmanybeffectsbarebtobpromotebseedbdormancybandbfacilitatebdro
ughtbtolerance.
absorptionb-
bANSWERbbbThebthirdbstagebofbfoodbprocessingbinbanimals:bthebuptakebof bsmallbnutrientb
moleculesbbybanborganism'sbbody.
absorptionbspectrumb-
bANSWERbbbThebrangebofbabpigment'sbabilitybtobabsorbbvariousbwavelengthsbofblight;bals
obabgraphbofbsuchbabrange.
abyssalbzoneb(uh-bis′-ul)b-
bANSWERbbbThebpartbofbthebocean'sbbenthicbzonebbetweenb2,000bandb6,000bmbdeep.
acanthodianb(ak′-an-thō′-dē-un)b-
bANSWERbbbAnybofbabgroupbofbancientbjawedbaquaticbvertebratesbfrombthebSilurianbandb
Devonianbperiods.
accessorybfruitb-
bANSWERbbbAbfruit,borbassemblagebofbfruits,binbwhichbthebfleshybpartsbarebderivedblargel
yborbentirelybfrombtissuesbotherbthanbthebovary.
acclimatizationb(uh-klī′-muh-tīb-zā′-shun)b-
bANSWERbbbPhysiologicalbadjustmentbtobabchangebinbanbenvironmentalbfactor.
,acetylbCoAb-
bANSWERbbbAcetylbcoenzymebA;bthebentrybcompoundbforbthebcitricbacidbcyclebinbcellularb
respiration,bformedbfrombabtwo-carbonbfragmentbofbpyruvatebattachedbtobabcoenzyme.
acetylcholineb(as′-uh-til-kō′-lēn)b-
bANSWERbbbOnebofbthebmostbcommonbneurotransmitters;bfunctionsbbybbindingbtobrecep
torsbandbalteringbthebpermeabilitybofbthebpostsynapticbmembranebtobspecificbions,beither
bdepolarizingborbhyperpolarizing bthebmembrane.
acidb-
bANSWERbbbAbsubstancebthatbincreasesbthebhydrogenbionbconcentrationbofbabsolution.
acoelomateb(uh-sē′-lō-māt)b-bANSWERbbbAbsolid-
bodiedbanimalblackingbabcavitybbetweenbthebgutbandbouterbbodybwall.
acquiredbimmunodeficiencybsyndromeb(AIDS)b-
bANSWERbbbThebsymptomsbandbsignsbpresentbduringbtheblatebstagesbofbHIVbinfection,bd
efinedbbybabspecifiedbreductionbinbthebnumberbofbTbcellsbandbthebappearancebofbcharact
eristicbsecondarybinfections.
acrosomalbreactionb(ak′-ruh-sōm′-ul)b-
bANSWERbbbThebdischargebofbhydrolyticbenzymesbfrombthebacrosome,babvesiclebinbthebti
pbofbabsperm,bwhenbthebspermbapproachesborbcontactsbanbegg.
acrosomeb(ak′-ruh-sōm)b-
bANSWERbbbAbvesiclebinbthebtipbofbabspermbcontainingbhydrolyticbenzymesbandbotherbpr
oteinsbthatbhelpbthebspermbreachbthebegg.
actinb(ak′-tin)b-
bANSWERbbbAbglobularbproteinbthatblinksbintobchains,btwobofbwhichbtwistbhelicallybaboutb
eachbother,bformingbmicrofilamentsb(actinbfilaments)binbmusclebandbotherbkindsbofbcells.
actionbpotentialb-
bANSWERbbbAnbelectricalbsignalbthatbpropagatesb(travels)balongbthebmembranebofbabneu
ronborbotherbexcitablebcellbasbabnongradedb(all-or-none)bdepolarization.
actionbspectrumb-
bANSWERbbbAbgraphbthatbprofilesbthebrelativebeffectivenessbofbdifferentbwavelengthsbofbr
adiationbinbdrivingbabparticularbprocess.
activationbenergyb-
bANSWERbbbThebamountbofbenergybthatbreactantsbmustbabsorbbbeforebabchemicalbreacti
onbwillbstart;balsobcalledbfreebenergybofbactivation.
activatorb-
bANSWERbbbAbproteinbthatbbindsbtobDNAbandbstimulatesbgenebtranscription.bInbprokaryo
tes,bactivatorsbbindbinborbnearbthebpromoter;binbeukaryotes,bactivatorsbgenerallybbindbtob
controlbelementsbinbenhancers.
,activebimmunityb-bANSWERbbbLong-
lastingbimmunitybconferredbbybthebactionbofbBbcellsbandbTbcellsbandbthebresultingbBbandb
Tbmemorybcellsbspecificbforbabpathogen.bActivebimmunitybcanbdevelopbasbabresultbofbnat
uralbinfectionborbimmunization.
activebsiteb-
bANSWERbbbThebspecificbregionbofbanbenzymebthatbbindsbthebsubstratebandbthatbformsbt
hebpocketbinbwhichbcatalysisboccurs.
activebtransportb-
bANSWERbbbThebmovementbofbabsubstancebacrossbabcellbmembranebagainstbitsbconcen
trationborbelectrochemicalbgradient,bmediatedbbybspecificbtransportbproteinsbandbrequiri
ngbanbexpenditurebofbenergy.
adaptationb-
bANSWERbbbInheritedbcharacteristicbofbanborganismbthatbenhancesbitsbsurvivalbandbrepr
oductionbinbabspecificbenvironment.
adaptivebevolutionb-
bANSWERbbbEvolutionbthatbresultsbinbabbetterbmatchbbetweenborganismsbandbtheirbenvir
onment.
adaptivebimmunityb-bANSWERbbbAbvertebrate-
specificbdefensebthatbisbmediatedbbybBblymphocytesb(Bbcells)bandbTblymphocytesb(Tbcell
s)bandbthatbexhibitsbspecificity,bmemory,bandbself-
nonselfbrecognition;balsobcalledbacquiredbimmunity.
adaptivebradiationb-
bANSWERbbbPeriodbofbevolutionarybchangebinbwhichbgroupsbofborganismsbformbmanybn
ewbspeciesbwhosebadaptationsballowbthembtobfillbdifferentbecologicalbrolesbinbtheirbcom
munities.
additionbruleb-
bANSWERbbbAbrulebofbprobabilitybstatingbthatbthebprobabilitybofbanybonebof btwoborbmorebm
utuallybexclusivebeventsboccurringbcanbbebdeterminedbbybaddingbtheirbindividualbproba
bilities.
adenylylbcyclaseb(uh-den′-uh-lil)b-
bANSWERbbbAnbenzymebthatbconvertsbATPbtobcyclicbAMPbinbresponsebtobanbextracellula
rbsignal.
adhesionb-
bANSWERbbbThebclingingbofbonebsubstancebtobanother,bsuchbasbwaterbtobplantbcellbwallsb
bybmeansbofbhydrogenbbonds.
adiposebtissueb-
bANSWERbbbAbconnectivebtissuebthatbinsulatesbthebbodybandbservesbasbabfuelbreserve;bc
ontainsbfat-storingbcellsbcalledbadiposebcells.
, adrenalbglandb(uh-drē′-nul)b-
bANSWERbbbOnebofbtwobendocrinebglandsblocatedbadjacentbtobthebkidneysbinbmammals.
bEndocrinebcellsbinbthebouterbportionb(cortex)brespondbtobadrenocorticotropicbhormoneb(
ACTH)bbybsecretingbsteroidbhormonesbthatbhelpbmaintainbhomeostasisbduringblong-
termbstress.bNeurosecretorybcellsbinbthebcentralbportionb(medulla)bsecretebepinephrineb
andbnorepinephrinebinbresponsebtobnervebsignalsbtriggeredbbybshort-termbstress.
aerobicbrespirationb-
bANSWERbbbAbcatabolicbpathwaybforborganicbmolecules,busingboxygen b(O2)(O2)basbtheb
finalbelectronbacceptorbinbanbelectronbtransportbchainbandbultimatelybproducingbATP.bTh
isbisbthebmostbefficientbcatabolicbpathwaybandbisbcarriedboutbinbmostbeukaryoticbcellsband
bmanybprokaryoticborganisms.
agebstructureb-
bANSWERbbbThebrelativebnumberbofbindividualsbofbeachbagebinbabpopulation.
aggregatebfruitb-
bANSWERbbbAbfruitbderivedbfrombabsinglebflowerbthatbhasbmorebthanbonebcarpel.
AIDSb(acquiredbimmunodeficiencybsyndrome)b-
bANSWERbbbThebsymptomsbandbsignsbpresentbduringbtheblatebstagesbofbHIVbinfection,bd
efinedbbybabspecifiedbreductionbinbthebnumberbofbTbcellsbandbthebappearancebofbcharact
eristicbsecondarybinfections.
alcoholbfermentationb-
bANSWERbbbGlycolysisbfollowedbbybthebreductionbofbpyruvatebtobethylbalcohol,bregenera
tingbNAD+NAD+bandbreleasingbcarbonbdioxide.
algab(plural,balgae)b-
bANSWERbbbAbgeneralbtermbforbanybspeciesbofbphotosyntheticbprotist,bincludingbbothbuni
cellularbandbmulticellularbforms.bAlgalbspeciesbarebincludedbinbthreebeukaryotebsupergr
oupsb(Excavata,bSAR,bandbArchaeplastida).
alimentarybcanalb(al′-uh-men′-tuh-rē)b-
bANSWERbbbAbcompletebdigestivebtract,bconsistingbofbabtubebrunningbbetweenbabmouthb
andbanbanus.
alkalinebventb-bANSWERbbbAbdeep-
seabhydrothermalbventbthatbreleasesbwaterbthatbisbwarmb(40-
90°C)bratherbthanbhotbandbthatbhasbabhighbpHb(isbbasic).bThesebventsbconsistbofbtinybpor
esblinedbwithbironbandbotherbcatalyticbmineralsbthatbsomebscientistsbhypothesizebmightbh
avebbeenbtheblocationbofbthebearliestbabioticbsynthesisbofborganicbcompounds.
alleleb(uh-lē′-ul)b-
bANSWERbbbAnybofbthebalternativebversionsbofbabgenebthatbmaybproducebdistinguishable
bphenotypicbeffects.
allopatricbspeciationb(al′-uh-pat′-rik)b-
bANSWERbbbThebformationbofbnewbspeciesbinbpopulationsbthatbarebgeographicallybisolat
edbfrombonebanother.
b b b b b b b
5′bcapb-
bANSWERbbbAbmodifiedbformbofbguaninebnucleotidebaddedbontobtheb5′bendbofbabpre-
mRNAbmolecule.
Absiteb-
bANSWERbbbOnebofbabribosome'sbthreebbindingbsitesbforbtRNAbduringbtranslation.bThebAb
sitebholdsbthebtRNAbcarryingbthebnextbaminobacidbtobbebaddedbtobthebpolypeptidebchain.b
(AbstandsbforbaminoacylbtRNA.)
ABCbhypothesisb-
bANSWERbbbAbmodelbofbflowerbformationbidentifyingbthreebclassesbofborganbidentitybgen
esbthatbdirectbformationbofbthebfourbtypesbofbfloralborgans.
abioticb(ā′-bī-ot′-ik)b-
bANSWERbbbNonliving;breferringbtobthebphysicalbandbchemicalbpropertiesbofbanbenviron
ment.
abortionb-bANSWERbbbThebterminationbofbabpregnancybinbprogress.
abscisicbacidb(ABA)b(ab-sis′-ik)b-
bANSWERbbbAbplantbhormonebthatbslowsbgrowth,boftenbantagonizingbthebactionsbofbgrow
thbhormones.bTwobofbitsbmanybeffectsbarebtobpromotebseedbdormancybandbfacilitatebdro
ughtbtolerance.
absorptionb-
bANSWERbbbThebthirdbstagebofbfoodbprocessingbinbanimals:bthebuptakebof bsmallbnutrientb
moleculesbbybanborganism'sbbody.
absorptionbspectrumb-
bANSWERbbbThebrangebofbabpigment'sbabilitybtobabsorbbvariousbwavelengthsbofblight;bals
obabgraphbofbsuchbabrange.
abyssalbzoneb(uh-bis′-ul)b-
bANSWERbbbThebpartbofbthebocean'sbbenthicbzonebbetweenb2,000bandb6,000bmbdeep.
acanthodianb(ak′-an-thō′-dē-un)b-
bANSWERbbbAnybofbabgroupbofbancientbjawedbaquaticbvertebratesbfrombthebSilurianbandb
Devonianbperiods.
accessorybfruitb-
bANSWERbbbAbfruit,borbassemblagebofbfruits,binbwhichbthebfleshybpartsbarebderivedblargel
yborbentirelybfrombtissuesbotherbthanbthebovary.
acclimatizationb(uh-klī′-muh-tīb-zā′-shun)b-
bANSWERbbbPhysiologicalbadjustmentbtobabchangebinbanbenvironmentalbfactor.
,acetylbCoAb-
bANSWERbbbAcetylbcoenzymebA;bthebentrybcompoundbforbthebcitricbacidbcyclebinbcellularb
respiration,bformedbfrombabtwo-carbonbfragmentbofbpyruvatebattachedbtobabcoenzyme.
acetylcholineb(as′-uh-til-kō′-lēn)b-
bANSWERbbbOnebofbthebmostbcommonbneurotransmitters;bfunctionsbbybbindingbtobrecep
torsbandbalteringbthebpermeabilitybofbthebpostsynapticbmembranebtobspecificbions,beither
bdepolarizingborbhyperpolarizing bthebmembrane.
acidb-
bANSWERbbbAbsubstancebthatbincreasesbthebhydrogenbionbconcentrationbofbabsolution.
acoelomateb(uh-sē′-lō-māt)b-bANSWERbbbAbsolid-
bodiedbanimalblackingbabcavitybbetweenbthebgutbandbouterbbodybwall.
acquiredbimmunodeficiencybsyndromeb(AIDS)b-
bANSWERbbbThebsymptomsbandbsignsbpresentbduringbtheblatebstagesbofbHIVbinfection,bd
efinedbbybabspecifiedbreductionbinbthebnumberbofbTbcellsbandbthebappearancebofbcharact
eristicbsecondarybinfections.
acrosomalbreactionb(ak′-ruh-sōm′-ul)b-
bANSWERbbbThebdischargebofbhydrolyticbenzymesbfrombthebacrosome,babvesiclebinbthebti
pbofbabsperm,bwhenbthebspermbapproachesborbcontactsbanbegg.
acrosomeb(ak′-ruh-sōm)b-
bANSWERbbbAbvesiclebinbthebtipbofbabspermbcontainingbhydrolyticbenzymesbandbotherbpr
oteinsbthatbhelpbthebspermbreachbthebegg.
actinb(ak′-tin)b-
bANSWERbbbAbglobularbproteinbthatblinksbintobchains,btwobofbwhichbtwistbhelicallybaboutb
eachbother,bformingbmicrofilamentsb(actinbfilaments)binbmusclebandbotherbkindsbofbcells.
actionbpotentialb-
bANSWERbbbAnbelectricalbsignalbthatbpropagatesb(travels)balongbthebmembranebofbabneu
ronborbotherbexcitablebcellbasbabnongradedb(all-or-none)bdepolarization.
actionbspectrumb-
bANSWERbbbAbgraphbthatbprofilesbthebrelativebeffectivenessbofbdifferentbwavelengthsbofbr
adiationbinbdrivingbabparticularbprocess.
activationbenergyb-
bANSWERbbbThebamountbofbenergybthatbreactantsbmustbabsorbbbeforebabchemicalbreacti
onbwillbstart;balsobcalledbfreebenergybofbactivation.
activatorb-
bANSWERbbbAbproteinbthatbbindsbtobDNAbandbstimulatesbgenebtranscription.bInbprokaryo
tes,bactivatorsbbindbinborbnearbthebpromoter;binbeukaryotes,bactivatorsbgenerallybbindbtob
controlbelementsbinbenhancers.
,activebimmunityb-bANSWERbbbLong-
lastingbimmunitybconferredbbybthebactionbofbBbcellsbandbTbcellsbandbthebresultingbBbandb
Tbmemorybcellsbspecificbforbabpathogen.bActivebimmunitybcanbdevelopbasbabresultbofbnat
uralbinfectionborbimmunization.
activebsiteb-
bANSWERbbbThebspecificbregionbofbanbenzymebthatbbindsbthebsubstratebandbthatbformsbt
hebpocketbinbwhichbcatalysisboccurs.
activebtransportb-
bANSWERbbbThebmovementbofbabsubstancebacrossbabcellbmembranebagainstbitsbconcen
trationborbelectrochemicalbgradient,bmediatedbbybspecificbtransportbproteinsbandbrequiri
ngbanbexpenditurebofbenergy.
adaptationb-
bANSWERbbbInheritedbcharacteristicbofbanborganismbthatbenhancesbitsbsurvivalbandbrepr
oductionbinbabspecificbenvironment.
adaptivebevolutionb-
bANSWERbbbEvolutionbthatbresultsbinbabbetterbmatchbbetweenborganismsbandbtheirbenvir
onment.
adaptivebimmunityb-bANSWERbbbAbvertebrate-
specificbdefensebthatbisbmediatedbbybBblymphocytesb(Bbcells)bandbTblymphocytesb(Tbcell
s)bandbthatbexhibitsbspecificity,bmemory,bandbself-
nonselfbrecognition;balsobcalledbacquiredbimmunity.
adaptivebradiationb-
bANSWERbbbPeriodbofbevolutionarybchangebinbwhichbgroupsbofborganismsbformbmanybn
ewbspeciesbwhosebadaptationsballowbthembtobfillbdifferentbecologicalbrolesbinbtheirbcom
munities.
additionbruleb-
bANSWERbbbAbrulebofbprobabilitybstatingbthatbthebprobabilitybofbanybonebof btwoborbmorebm
utuallybexclusivebeventsboccurringbcanbbebdeterminedbbybaddingbtheirbindividualbproba
bilities.
adenylylbcyclaseb(uh-den′-uh-lil)b-
bANSWERbbbAnbenzymebthatbconvertsbATPbtobcyclicbAMPbinbresponsebtobanbextracellula
rbsignal.
adhesionb-
bANSWERbbbThebclingingbofbonebsubstancebtobanother,bsuchbasbwaterbtobplantbcellbwallsb
bybmeansbofbhydrogenbbonds.
adiposebtissueb-
bANSWERbbbAbconnectivebtissuebthatbinsulatesbthebbodybandbservesbasbabfuelbreserve;bc
ontainsbfat-storingbcellsbcalledbadiposebcells.
, adrenalbglandb(uh-drē′-nul)b-
bANSWERbbbOnebofbtwobendocrinebglandsblocatedbadjacentbtobthebkidneysbinbmammals.
bEndocrinebcellsbinbthebouterbportionb(cortex)brespondbtobadrenocorticotropicbhormoneb(
ACTH)bbybsecretingbsteroidbhormonesbthatbhelpbmaintainbhomeostasisbduringblong-
termbstress.bNeurosecretorybcellsbinbthebcentralbportionb(medulla)bsecretebepinephrineb
andbnorepinephrinebinbresponsebtobnervebsignalsbtriggeredbbybshort-termbstress.
aerobicbrespirationb-
bANSWERbbbAbcatabolicbpathwaybforborganicbmolecules,busingboxygen b(O2)(O2)basbtheb
finalbelectronbacceptorbinbanbelectronbtransportbchainbandbultimatelybproducingbATP.bTh
isbisbthebmostbefficientbcatabolicbpathwaybandbisbcarriedboutbinbmostbeukaryoticbcellsband
bmanybprokaryoticborganisms.
agebstructureb-
bANSWERbbbThebrelativebnumberbofbindividualsbofbeachbagebinbabpopulation.
aggregatebfruitb-
bANSWERbbbAbfruitbderivedbfrombabsinglebflowerbthatbhasbmorebthanbonebcarpel.
AIDSb(acquiredbimmunodeficiencybsyndrome)b-
bANSWERbbbThebsymptomsbandbsignsbpresentbduringbtheblatebstagesbofbHIVbinfection,bd
efinedbbybabspecifiedbreductionbinbthebnumberbofbTbcellsbandbthebappearancebofbcharact
eristicbsecondarybinfections.
alcoholbfermentationb-
bANSWERbbbGlycolysisbfollowedbbybthebreductionbofbpyruvatebtobethylbalcohol,bregenera
tingbNAD+NAD+bandbreleasingbcarbonbdioxide.
algab(plural,balgae)b-
bANSWERbbbAbgeneralbtermbforbanybspeciesbofbphotosyntheticbprotist,bincludingbbothbuni
cellularbandbmulticellularbforms.bAlgalbspeciesbarebincludedbinbthreebeukaryotebsupergr
oupsb(Excavata,bSAR,bandbArchaeplastida).
alimentarybcanalb(al′-uh-men′-tuh-rē)b-
bANSWERbbbAbcompletebdigestivebtract,bconsistingbofbabtubebrunningbbetweenbabmouthb
andbanbanus.
alkalinebventb-bANSWERbbbAbdeep-
seabhydrothermalbventbthatbreleasesbwaterbthatbisbwarmb(40-
90°C)bratherbthanbhotbandbthatbhasbabhighbpHb(isbbasic).bThesebventsbconsistbofbtinybpor
esblinedbwithbironbandbotherbcatalyticbmineralsbthatbsomebscientistsbhypothesizebmightbh
avebbeenbtheblocationbofbthebearliestbabioticbsynthesisbofborganicbcompounds.
alleleb(uh-lē′-ul)b-
bANSWERbbbAnybofbthebalternativebversionsbofbabgenebthatbmaybproducebdistinguishable
bphenotypicbeffects.
allopatricbspeciationb(al′-uh-pat′-rik)b-
bANSWERbbbThebformationbofbnewbspeciesbinbpopulationsbthatbarebgeographicallybisolat
edbfrombonebanother.
