Portage BIOD 101 Module Outcomes Final
Review Latest Update 2025-2026 Actual Exam
Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers
Guaranteed A+ Verified by Professor
Basophils - CORRECT ANSWER: Basophils are found at the lowest concentration
within the body but can be found in the blood and many different types of body tissues.
Basophils are exclusive to allergic reactions and mediate inflammatory responses
associated with allergens. Examples of immune responses involving basophils are
anaphylaxis and asthma associated with an allergen.
cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWER: is the outermost constituent of the cell. This
membrane is responsible for enclosing the cell's cytoplasm and organelles (discussed
above) and separates the extracellular (external) environment from the intracellular
(internal) cellular environment.
A membrane has embedded within it (primarily) two components: phospholipids and
proteins, but may also contain cholesterol, carbohydrates, water, and various ions.
Cholesterol- may be present in some membranes, giving extra strength and flexibility to
the membrane.
Proteins function as membrane channels, carrier molecules, and receptor molecules.
Integral proteins- usually function as membrane channels, signaling receptors, or
adhesion points; they span across the lipid bilayer as they simultaneously embed
themselves in both the inner and outer membrane of the cell.
Peripheral proteins- can be found embedded in either the inner or outer surfaces of the
membrane but, unlike integral proteins, never span the entire lipid bilayer.
Glycoproteins- are a group of proteins that have carbohydrate (sugar) chains attached,
most often occurring on protein associated with the cell membrane. Glycoproteins help
,cells to recognize one another and, in some cases, to adhere to either one another or to
other substances.
Describe Glycosis (occurs in cytoplasm) - CORRECT ANSWER: glycolysis-which can
occur in the presence or absence of oxygen. Consists of the following
Investment phase
G3P intermediation
Payoff Phase
2NADH, 2ATP and 2 Puruvates
begins with molecule of glucose being split into 2 G3P molecules
energy investment phase- Creates G3P and DHAP from Glucose
hexokinase- Transfers phosphate from ATP to Glucose forming G6P
phosphoglucoisomerase- then converts G6P into fructose 6-phosphate
phosphofructokinase- transfers the ATP phosphate group to the opposite end of the
fructose 6-phosphate molecule. creating fructose-6-biphosphate
aldolase- cleaves F6B into G3P and DHAP
energy pay off phase
Each G3P is oxidized as electrons are transferred to NAD+, now forming NADH
adds g3p addition mediated by triose phosphate dehydrogenase and results in the
formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Phosphoglycerokinase then transfers the phosphate group to ADP, and a molecule of
ATP is generated
pyruvate kinase transfers the remaining phosphate group from PEP to ADP, generating
a net of two ATP molecules,
,substrate level phosphorylation-metabolic process of ATP being formed from the direct
transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate
Eosinophils - CORRECT ANSWER: Eosinophils are found in low concentrations within
the blood and in high concentrations in epithelial tissue. Eosinophils play a major role in
responding to parasitic infections, such as parasitic worms, by releasing damaging
enzymes onto the parasite. Eosinophils also play a role in allergic and inflammatory
responses.
K.pneumoniae - CORRECT ANSWER: Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacillus found
commensally, meaning it neither harms nor benefits the host, in the mouth and gut
common culprits of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) secondary infections.
those with weakened, compromised, or developing immune systems are at the highest
risk of severe infection
introduced into non-commensal tissues, such as those of the urinary tract, respiratory
tract, or open wounds, it becomes an opportunistic pathogen.
K. pneumoniae uses proteins to halt the body's attempt to signal for cytokines and
phagocytic cell recruitment. Essentially, these virulence factors keep the immune
defense system from "turning on".
s approximately 50% of people who develop the hospital-acquired infection will not
survive the infection.
immune system cannot effectively eliminate a K. pneumoniae infection without
antibiotics.
, many strains of K. pneumoniae are resistant, and multiple drugs, known as combination
therapy, are often used to treat patients. If several different combination drugs are
unsuccessful in eliminating the infection, carbapenem antibiotics are usually the last line
of defense. Carbapenem antibiotics have a structure and mechanism of action like
penicillin.
Carbapenems enter the Gram-negative cell through outer membrane proteins called
porins. Once inside of the pathogen cell, the carbapenem binds to penicillin-binding
proteins (PBPs) of the pathogen cell. PBPs are enzymes that are necessary for
synthesizing the peptidoglycan cell wall.
Module 1
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Prokaryotic-Smaller, has no Nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles (bacteria cells)
Eukaryotic- More complex, have a nucleus, contain membrane bound organelles
Module 1
Describe cellular membrane structure and mechanics. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Cytoskeleton- comprised of a collection of proteins that give cells structural support,
anchor organelles, and facilitate changes in cellular shape. The cytoskeleton is made of
protein fibers called (1) microtubules, (2) microfilaments, and (3) intermediate filaments.
Microtubules-influence cell shape, form spindles for chromosome separation (during
mitosis), can be arranged in specific geometric conformations that are used for cellular
locomotion, and they serve as "roads" for organelles to travel
Microfilaments-These structures provide structural support to the cells shape as well as
a means of motility. (Associated with the contractile protein myosin, which together are
responsible of muscle contraction.)
Intermediate filaments- consist of a variety of fibrous protein subunits, coiled into cables.
Intermediate filaments form keratin, the strong, flexible proteins of our outer layer of
skin.
Review Latest Update 2025-2026 Actual Exam
Questions with 100% Verified Correct Answers
Guaranteed A+ Verified by Professor
Basophils - CORRECT ANSWER: Basophils are found at the lowest concentration
within the body but can be found in the blood and many different types of body tissues.
Basophils are exclusive to allergic reactions and mediate inflammatory responses
associated with allergens. Examples of immune responses involving basophils are
anaphylaxis and asthma associated with an allergen.
cell membrane - CORRECT ANSWER: is the outermost constituent of the cell. This
membrane is responsible for enclosing the cell's cytoplasm and organelles (discussed
above) and separates the extracellular (external) environment from the intracellular
(internal) cellular environment.
A membrane has embedded within it (primarily) two components: phospholipids and
proteins, but may also contain cholesterol, carbohydrates, water, and various ions.
Cholesterol- may be present in some membranes, giving extra strength and flexibility to
the membrane.
Proteins function as membrane channels, carrier molecules, and receptor molecules.
Integral proteins- usually function as membrane channels, signaling receptors, or
adhesion points; they span across the lipid bilayer as they simultaneously embed
themselves in both the inner and outer membrane of the cell.
Peripheral proteins- can be found embedded in either the inner or outer surfaces of the
membrane but, unlike integral proteins, never span the entire lipid bilayer.
Glycoproteins- are a group of proteins that have carbohydrate (sugar) chains attached,
most often occurring on protein associated with the cell membrane. Glycoproteins help
,cells to recognize one another and, in some cases, to adhere to either one another or to
other substances.
Describe Glycosis (occurs in cytoplasm) - CORRECT ANSWER: glycolysis-which can
occur in the presence or absence of oxygen. Consists of the following
Investment phase
G3P intermediation
Payoff Phase
2NADH, 2ATP and 2 Puruvates
begins with molecule of glucose being split into 2 G3P molecules
energy investment phase- Creates G3P and DHAP from Glucose
hexokinase- Transfers phosphate from ATP to Glucose forming G6P
phosphoglucoisomerase- then converts G6P into fructose 6-phosphate
phosphofructokinase- transfers the ATP phosphate group to the opposite end of the
fructose 6-phosphate molecule. creating fructose-6-biphosphate
aldolase- cleaves F6B into G3P and DHAP
energy pay off phase
Each G3P is oxidized as electrons are transferred to NAD+, now forming NADH
adds g3p addition mediated by triose phosphate dehydrogenase and results in the
formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Phosphoglycerokinase then transfers the phosphate group to ADP, and a molecule of
ATP is generated
pyruvate kinase transfers the remaining phosphate group from PEP to ADP, generating
a net of two ATP molecules,
,substrate level phosphorylation-metabolic process of ATP being formed from the direct
transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate
Eosinophils - CORRECT ANSWER: Eosinophils are found in low concentrations within
the blood and in high concentrations in epithelial tissue. Eosinophils play a major role in
responding to parasitic infections, such as parasitic worms, by releasing damaging
enzymes onto the parasite. Eosinophils also play a role in allergic and inflammatory
responses.
K.pneumoniae - CORRECT ANSWER: Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacillus found
commensally, meaning it neither harms nor benefits the host, in the mouth and gut
common culprits of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) secondary infections.
those with weakened, compromised, or developing immune systems are at the highest
risk of severe infection
introduced into non-commensal tissues, such as those of the urinary tract, respiratory
tract, or open wounds, it becomes an opportunistic pathogen.
K. pneumoniae uses proteins to halt the body's attempt to signal for cytokines and
phagocytic cell recruitment. Essentially, these virulence factors keep the immune
defense system from "turning on".
s approximately 50% of people who develop the hospital-acquired infection will not
survive the infection.
immune system cannot effectively eliminate a K. pneumoniae infection without
antibiotics.
, many strains of K. pneumoniae are resistant, and multiple drugs, known as combination
therapy, are often used to treat patients. If several different combination drugs are
unsuccessful in eliminating the infection, carbapenem antibiotics are usually the last line
of defense. Carbapenem antibiotics have a structure and mechanism of action like
penicillin.
Carbapenems enter the Gram-negative cell through outer membrane proteins called
porins. Once inside of the pathogen cell, the carbapenem binds to penicillin-binding
proteins (PBPs) of the pathogen cell. PBPs are enzymes that are necessary for
synthesizing the peptidoglycan cell wall.
Module 1
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Prokaryotic-Smaller, has no Nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles (bacteria cells)
Eukaryotic- More complex, have a nucleus, contain membrane bound organelles
Module 1
Describe cellular membrane structure and mechanics. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Cytoskeleton- comprised of a collection of proteins that give cells structural support,
anchor organelles, and facilitate changes in cellular shape. The cytoskeleton is made of
protein fibers called (1) microtubules, (2) microfilaments, and (3) intermediate filaments.
Microtubules-influence cell shape, form spindles for chromosome separation (during
mitosis), can be arranged in specific geometric conformations that are used for cellular
locomotion, and they serve as "roads" for organelles to travel
Microfilaments-These structures provide structural support to the cells shape as well as
a means of motility. (Associated with the contractile protein myosin, which together are
responsible of muscle contraction.)
Intermediate filaments- consist of a variety of fibrous protein subunits, coiled into cables.
Intermediate filaments form keratin, the strong, flexible proteins of our outer layer of
skin.
