,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections 3rd Edition Alarid
n n n n n n n n
Chapter 2: Why Do We Punish?
n n n n n
CHAPTERnOVERVIEW
Thisnchapternintroducesnfivenprimarynpunishmentnphilosophiesnornrationalesnandnexplainsneachninnd
etailnandnundernitsnownnmajornheading.nReviewnbeginsnwithndeterrence—
distinguishingnspecificnandngeneral.nThenimportancenofncertainty,nseverity,nandnswiftnessnofnpunish
mentnisnhighlightedntonemphasizenproblemsninneffectivelynusingndeterrencenasnanpunishmentnsystem
.nIncapacitation—nbothnspecialnandngeneral—
isnreviewednwithnattentionntonitsnapplicationnthroughnimprisonmentnbutnalsoninnitsncontemporarynuse
nthroughntechnology.nThenvariousnwaysnthatnrehabilitationnhasnbeennimplementednarennotednwithnpa
rticularnattentionntonitsncurrentnusenasnpartnofnreentry.nRetributionnasnanpunishmentnphilosophynisndis
tinguishednfromnrevengenandnthenimportancenofnproportionalityninnpunishmentnisnemphasized.nThen
chapternconcludesnwithndiscussionnofnrestorativenjusticenandnhownitncannbenusednduringnsentencing,n
innthencommunity,nandninnprison.
CHAPTERnLEARNINGnOUTCOMES
1. Describenthenfivenprimarynpunishmentnphilosophies.
2. Discussnthendeterrencenphilosophynofnpunishmentnbynunderstandingntheneffectsnofnspecificn
andngeneralndeterrence.
3. Comparenandncontrastnselectivenandngeneralnincapacitation.
4. Summarizenrehabilitation’sndevelopmentnfromnanreclamationnfocusntonanreentrynemphasis.
5. Explainnthenkeysnwaysninnwhichnretributionndiffersnfromnrevenge.
6. Describenhownrestorativenjusticenprinciplesnarenusedninnsentencing,nduringncommunityns
upervision,nandninnprison.
LECTUREnOUTLINE
WHYnPUNISH?
• Thisnchapter’sntitlenmakesnangreatndiscussionnquestionnfornthenfirstndaynofnclass.nSimplynaskns
tudentsnwhatnreasonsntheyncannthinknofnfornpunishingnpeople.nThatnis,nwhatndontheynhopenpu
nishmentnwillnaccomplish?nAfternsevennorneightnhavenbeennoffered,ngiveneachnexamplenthena
ppropriatentermnfromnthentextbookn(e.g.,n“Keepnpeoplenfromncommittingnanotherncrime”n=nd
eterrence).
TeachingnNote:nThisnsectionnpointsnoutnthatninnournrepresentativendemocracy,nthenpeople’snwillnisne
xpressednthroughnelectednlegislators.nThatnmeansnwenshouldnbenablentonidentifynpunishmentnphilos
ophiesninneachnstatenandnatnthenfederalnlevelnbynfindingnthenrelevantnstatutesnornothernlegislativendoc
uments.nThentextndoesnthisnfornAlabama,nCalifornia,nColorado,nandnTexas.nIfnyounarenteachingninnan
othernstate,ndeterminenwhethernyournstatenhasnprovidednsimilarnstatementsnregardingnthenpurposenof
npunishment/sentencingnandnreviewnthosenstatementsninnclass.
DETERRENCE
• Thisnpunishmentnphilosophynseeksntonpreventnfuturenoffenses.nDeterrencencannbenonenofnt
wontypes.
SpecificnDeterrence
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections 3rd Edition Alarid
n n n n n n n n
o Punishmentnisnappliedntonannoffendernwithnthengoalnofndiscouragingnthatnpersonnfromn
misbehavingnagain.
GeneralnDeterrence
o Punishmentnisnappliedntonannoffendernsonthatnothersnwhonarenthinkingnaboutnc
ommittingnancrimenwillndecidennotntoninnorderntonavoidnbeingnpunished.
INCAPACITATION
• Thisnpunishmentnphilosophynalsonhasntwonaspects:nselectivenincapacitationnandngeneralni
ncapacitation.nDistinguishneachn(seenFiguren2-
3)nandndiscussninnclassnthenstrengthsnandnweaknessesnofneach.
IncapacitationnThroughnTechnology
o Threentypesnarendiscussedn(seenFiguren2-
4):nchemicalntreatment,ncriticalnorgannsurgery,nandnelectronicnmonitoring.
REHABILITATION
• Rehabilitationnisndescribednasnhavingnprogressednthroughnfournstagesn(seenFiguren2-
6),nbutnitsnapplicationnasnindividualizedntreatmentn(TwentiethnCentury)nandnfornpurposesnofnr
eentyn(Twenty-
FirstnCentury)nwillnbenofnmostninterestntonstudentsnandnshouldnbenhighlightedninnlecture.
• Includendiscussionnofnthenironnlawnofnimprisonmentn(i.e.,nessentiallynallnprisonersnwillne
ventuallynreturnntonfreensociety)nwhenndiscussingnrehabilitation’sncontemporarynrole.
RETRIBUTION
• Retributionnisnanlegitimatenpunishmentnphilosophy,nrevengenlessnso.nExplainnwhyn(seenTab
len2-1).nHighlightnretribution’snnon-
utilitariannaspectnandnnotenthatnitnisnuniquenamongnthenpunishmentnphilosophiesninnthatnitnisn
appliednsimplynbecausenpunishmentnisnrequirednofnsocietynwhennancrimenhasnoccurred.
RESTORATION
• Thisnpunishmentnphilosophynprovidesnangreaternrolenfornvictim’snthanndonthenothernrationa
les.nOffendernaccountabilitynisnimportant,nbutnsontoonarenconcernsnfornhownbestntonreintegr
atenthenoffendernintonthencommunitynandntonrestorenthenbalancenthatnwasnupsetnbynthencrim
e.
CriticismnofnRestorativenJustice
o Restorativenjusticenisncriticizednfornbringingnpeoplenintonthenjusticensystemnwhonmightn
otherwisenhavenbeennhandledninformallynoutsidenthensystemn(thenproblemnofnnetnwiden
ing)nandnfornitsnpotentialntonpromotendiscriminationnbynperpetuatingnsocialninequitiesn(
e.g.,nsubordinatesnmaynbenpressuredntonacceptnlessnthanntheyndeservenbecausenofnthenpo
werndiscrepancy).
LISTnOFnCHANGES/TRANSITIONnGUIDE
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections 3rd Edition Alarid
n n n n n n n n
• Thenchapternnownincludesnonenofnthennewn“VoicesninnCorrections”nfeature.nInnthisncase,nanp
robationnofficernexplainsnhownGPSntrackingnofnprobationersnaffectsnthenwaynprobationnoff
icersndontheirnjob.
• ThenTimelinenonnsurgicalnandnchemicalncastrationn(Figuren2-
5)nhasnbeennupdatedntonincludenGuam’snadoptionnofnchemicalncastration.
• Datanonnsentencednprisonersnadmittednandnreleasedn(Figuren2-7)nhasnbeennupdated.
ADDITIONALnASSIGNMENTSnANDnCLASSnACTIVITIES
1. Breaknthenclassnintonthreenevenlynsizedngroupsnandnassign—onentoneachngroup—
thentopicsnofn“certainty,”n“severity,”nandn“swiftness.”nGiventhengroupsn15-
20nminutesntonpreparenannexamplenofnhowntheirnassignedntopicncannbenbestnimplementedninn
societynsonthatnpunishmentncannbenanneffectivendeterrent.nHavenonenmembernofneachngroupn
orallynpresentnthatngroupsnexamplentonthenrestnofnthenclass.nHaveneveryonendiscussnanynprob
lemsnthatnmightnariseninnimplementingnthengroup’snexample.
2. Thenchapternreviewsnthenkeynrequirementsnfornanneffectivendeterrencensystem:ncertainty,nse
verity,nandnswiftness.nExplainnwhyneachnisnnecessarynandnwhyneachnisndifficultntonachieve.n
Onentechniquenisntonasknstudentsnwhonamongstnthemnhasnevernillegallynparkednonncampusn(o
rnsomenothernharmlessnoffense).nGetnvolunteersntonprovidentheirnreasonnfornillegallynparking
n(e.g.,nhadntongetntonclass),nwhetherntheynknewnwhatnthenpunishmentnwouldnben(e.g.,ntheyntho
ughtnitnwouldnbenan$25nfine),nandnwhyntheyncommittednthenoffensenanywayn(e.g.,ndidn’tnexp
ectntonbencaught—lacknofncertainty;nor,nitnwasnworthn$25—lacknofnseverity).
3. Assignnstudentsn(ornacceptnvolunteers)nton“pro”nandn“con”nsidesntondebatenthenstatement:n“
Chemicalncastrationnshouldnbenannavailablensentencenfornviolentnsexnoffenders.”
Findnassistancenusingnthensearchnphrasendebatencastrationnsexnoffendersnandnatn
http://www.debate.org/opinions/isnt-castration-the-most-logical-solution-for-
nrehabilitating-repeat-sex-offenders
4. Determinenifnyourncommunitynoffersnvictim-
offendernmediationninnitsncriminalncourtsnand,nifnso,ninvitenanpersonnfromnthatnprogramntonben
anguestnspeakerninnclass.
5. Annotenonnspeakers.nSpeakersnarenrecommendednfornmanyntopicsnthroughoutnthisnInstructor
’snManual.nStudentsntypicallynenjoynhearingnfromnpractitionersnandnpractitionersn(especiall
ynyournprogramngraduates)nusuallynenjoyntellingnaboutntheirnwork.nSpeakersndonnotnexpectn
compensationnbutnitnisnappropriatentonprovidenparkingnpermitsnwhennparkingnrequiresnpaym
ent.nAlso,nmanyndepartmentsnpurchasencoffeenmugs,npens,nornsomenotherntokennofnappreciat
ionnwithnthendepartmentnandnschoolnnamenandnthesenitemsnmakenannicen“thanknyou”ntonyourn
speaker.
SUGGESTEDnANSWERSnTOnEND-OF-
CHAPTERnLEARNINGnOUTCOMEnQUESTIONS
LearningnOutcomen1
1. Whichnpunishmentnphilosophynisnbeingnusednwhennanjudgensentencesnanthiefntonthreenyearsninnp
risonnasnanwayntondiscouragenothernpeoplenfromnstealing?
• Deterrence
2. WhichnpunishmentnphilosophiesnarenreflectedninnthencourtnrulesnfornCalifornia?
• Deterrence,nincapacitation,nrehabilitation,nretribution,nrestoration
mynursytest.store
n n n n n n n n
Chapter 2: Why Do We Punish?
n n n n n
CHAPTERnOVERVIEW
Thisnchapternintroducesnfivenprimarynpunishmentnphilosophiesnornrationalesnandnexplainsneachninnd
etailnandnundernitsnownnmajornheading.nReviewnbeginsnwithndeterrence—
distinguishingnspecificnandngeneral.nThenimportancenofncertainty,nseverity,nandnswiftnessnofnpunish
mentnisnhighlightedntonemphasizenproblemsninneffectivelynusingndeterrencenasnanpunishmentnsystem
.nIncapacitation—nbothnspecialnandngeneral—
isnreviewednwithnattentionntonitsnapplicationnthroughnimprisonmentnbutnalsoninnitsncontemporarynuse
nthroughntechnology.nThenvariousnwaysnthatnrehabilitationnhasnbeennimplementednarennotednwithnpa
rticularnattentionntonitsncurrentnusenasnpartnofnreentry.nRetributionnasnanpunishmentnphilosophynisndis
tinguishednfromnrevengenandnthenimportancenofnproportionalityninnpunishmentnisnemphasized.nThen
chapternconcludesnwithndiscussionnofnrestorativenjusticenandnhownitncannbenusednduringnsentencing,n
innthencommunity,nandninnprison.
CHAPTERnLEARNINGnOUTCOMES
1. Describenthenfivenprimarynpunishmentnphilosophies.
2. Discussnthendeterrencenphilosophynofnpunishmentnbynunderstandingntheneffectsnofnspecificn
andngeneralndeterrence.
3. Comparenandncontrastnselectivenandngeneralnincapacitation.
4. Summarizenrehabilitation’sndevelopmentnfromnanreclamationnfocusntonanreentrynemphasis.
5. Explainnthenkeysnwaysninnwhichnretributionndiffersnfromnrevenge.
6. Describenhownrestorativenjusticenprinciplesnarenusedninnsentencing,nduringncommunityns
upervision,nandninnprison.
LECTUREnOUTLINE
WHYnPUNISH?
• Thisnchapter’sntitlenmakesnangreatndiscussionnquestionnfornthenfirstndaynofnclass.nSimplynaskns
tudentsnwhatnreasonsntheyncannthinknofnfornpunishingnpeople.nThatnis,nwhatndontheynhopenpu
nishmentnwillnaccomplish?nAfternsevennorneightnhavenbeennoffered,ngiveneachnexamplenthena
ppropriatentermnfromnthentextbookn(e.g.,n“Keepnpeoplenfromncommittingnanotherncrime”n=nd
eterrence).
TeachingnNote:nThisnsectionnpointsnoutnthatninnournrepresentativendemocracy,nthenpeople’snwillnisne
xpressednthroughnelectednlegislators.nThatnmeansnwenshouldnbenablentonidentifynpunishmentnphilos
ophiesninneachnstatenandnatnthenfederalnlevelnbynfindingnthenrelevantnstatutesnornothernlegislativendoc
uments.nThentextndoesnthisnfornAlabama,nCalifornia,nColorado,nandnTexas.nIfnyounarenteachingninnan
othernstate,ndeterminenwhethernyournstatenhasnprovidednsimilarnstatementsnregardingnthenpurposenof
npunishment/sentencingnandnreviewnthosenstatementsninnclass.
DETERRENCE
• Thisnpunishmentnphilosophynseeksntonpreventnfuturenoffenses.nDeterrencencannbenonenofnt
wontypes.
SpecificnDeterrence
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections 3rd Edition Alarid
n n n n n n n n
o Punishmentnisnappliedntonannoffendernwithnthengoalnofndiscouragingnthatnpersonnfromn
misbehavingnagain.
GeneralnDeterrence
o Punishmentnisnappliedntonannoffendernsonthatnothersnwhonarenthinkingnaboutnc
ommittingnancrimenwillndecidennotntoninnorderntonavoidnbeingnpunished.
INCAPACITATION
• Thisnpunishmentnphilosophynalsonhasntwonaspects:nselectivenincapacitationnandngeneralni
ncapacitation.nDistinguishneachn(seenFiguren2-
3)nandndiscussninnclassnthenstrengthsnandnweaknessesnofneach.
IncapacitationnThroughnTechnology
o Threentypesnarendiscussedn(seenFiguren2-
4):nchemicalntreatment,ncriticalnorgannsurgery,nandnelectronicnmonitoring.
REHABILITATION
• Rehabilitationnisndescribednasnhavingnprogressednthroughnfournstagesn(seenFiguren2-
6),nbutnitsnapplicationnasnindividualizedntreatmentn(TwentiethnCentury)nandnfornpurposesnofnr
eentyn(Twenty-
FirstnCentury)nwillnbenofnmostninterestntonstudentsnandnshouldnbenhighlightedninnlecture.
• Includendiscussionnofnthenironnlawnofnimprisonmentn(i.e.,nessentiallynallnprisonersnwillne
ventuallynreturnntonfreensociety)nwhenndiscussingnrehabilitation’sncontemporarynrole.
RETRIBUTION
• Retributionnisnanlegitimatenpunishmentnphilosophy,nrevengenlessnso.nExplainnwhyn(seenTab
len2-1).nHighlightnretribution’snnon-
utilitariannaspectnandnnotenthatnitnisnuniquenamongnthenpunishmentnphilosophiesninnthatnitnisn
appliednsimplynbecausenpunishmentnisnrequirednofnsocietynwhennancrimenhasnoccurred.
RESTORATION
• Thisnpunishmentnphilosophynprovidesnangreaternrolenfornvictim’snthanndonthenothernrationa
les.nOffendernaccountabilitynisnimportant,nbutnsontoonarenconcernsnfornhownbestntonreintegr
atenthenoffendernintonthencommunitynandntonrestorenthenbalancenthatnwasnupsetnbynthencrim
e.
CriticismnofnRestorativenJustice
o Restorativenjusticenisncriticizednfornbringingnpeoplenintonthenjusticensystemnwhonmightn
otherwisenhavenbeennhandledninformallynoutsidenthensystemn(thenproblemnofnnetnwiden
ing)nandnfornitsnpotentialntonpromotendiscriminationnbynperpetuatingnsocialninequitiesn(
e.g.,nsubordinatesnmaynbenpressuredntonacceptnlessnthanntheyndeservenbecausenofnthenpo
werndiscrepancy).
LISTnOFnCHANGES/TRANSITIONnGUIDE
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Corrections 3rd Edition Alarid
n n n n n n n n
• Thenchapternnownincludesnonenofnthennewn“VoicesninnCorrections”nfeature.nInnthisncase,nanp
robationnofficernexplainsnhownGPSntrackingnofnprobationersnaffectsnthenwaynprobationnoff
icersndontheirnjob.
• ThenTimelinenonnsurgicalnandnchemicalncastrationn(Figuren2-
5)nhasnbeennupdatedntonincludenGuam’snadoptionnofnchemicalncastration.
• Datanonnsentencednprisonersnadmittednandnreleasedn(Figuren2-7)nhasnbeennupdated.
ADDITIONALnASSIGNMENTSnANDnCLASSnACTIVITIES
1. Breaknthenclassnintonthreenevenlynsizedngroupsnandnassign—onentoneachngroup—
thentopicsnofn“certainty,”n“severity,”nandn“swiftness.”nGiventhengroupsn15-
20nminutesntonpreparenannexamplenofnhowntheirnassignedntopicncannbenbestnimplementedninn
societynsonthatnpunishmentncannbenanneffectivendeterrent.nHavenonenmembernofneachngroupn
orallynpresentnthatngroupsnexamplentonthenrestnofnthenclass.nHaveneveryonendiscussnanynprob
lemsnthatnmightnariseninnimplementingnthengroup’snexample.
2. Thenchapternreviewsnthenkeynrequirementsnfornanneffectivendeterrencensystem:ncertainty,nse
verity,nandnswiftness.nExplainnwhyneachnisnnecessarynandnwhyneachnisndifficultntonachieve.n
Onentechniquenisntonasknstudentsnwhonamongstnthemnhasnevernillegallynparkednonncampusn(o
rnsomenothernharmlessnoffense).nGetnvolunteersntonprovidentheirnreasonnfornillegallynparking
n(e.g.,nhadntongetntonclass),nwhetherntheynknewnwhatnthenpunishmentnwouldnben(e.g.,ntheyntho
ughtnitnwouldnbenan$25nfine),nandnwhyntheyncommittednthenoffensenanywayn(e.g.,ndidn’tnexp
ectntonbencaught—lacknofncertainty;nor,nitnwasnworthn$25—lacknofnseverity).
3. Assignnstudentsn(ornacceptnvolunteers)nton“pro”nandn“con”nsidesntondebatenthenstatement:n“
Chemicalncastrationnshouldnbenannavailablensentencenfornviolentnsexnoffenders.”
Findnassistancenusingnthensearchnphrasendebatencastrationnsexnoffendersnandnatn
http://www.debate.org/opinions/isnt-castration-the-most-logical-solution-for-
nrehabilitating-repeat-sex-offenders
4. Determinenifnyourncommunitynoffersnvictim-
offendernmediationninnitsncriminalncourtsnand,nifnso,ninvitenanpersonnfromnthatnprogramntonben
anguestnspeakerninnclass.
5. Annotenonnspeakers.nSpeakersnarenrecommendednfornmanyntopicsnthroughoutnthisnInstructor
’snManual.nStudentsntypicallynenjoynhearingnfromnpractitionersnandnpractitionersn(especiall
ynyournprogramngraduates)nusuallynenjoyntellingnaboutntheirnwork.nSpeakersndonnotnexpectn
compensationnbutnitnisnappropriatentonprovidenparkingnpermitsnwhennparkingnrequiresnpaym
ent.nAlso,nmanyndepartmentsnpurchasencoffeenmugs,npens,nornsomenotherntokennofnappreciat
ionnwithnthendepartmentnandnschoolnnamenandnthesenitemsnmakenannicen“thanknyou”ntonyourn
speaker.
SUGGESTEDnANSWERSnTOnEND-OF-
CHAPTERnLEARNINGnOUTCOMEnQUESTIONS
LearningnOutcomen1
1. Whichnpunishmentnphilosophynisnbeingnusednwhennanjudgensentencesnanthiefntonthreenyearsninnp
risonnasnanwayntondiscouragenothernpeoplenfromnstealing?
• Deterrence
2. WhichnpunishmentnphilosophiesnarenreflectedninnthencourtnrulesnfornCalifornia?
• Deterrence,nincapacitation,nrehabilitation,nretribution,nrestoration
mynursytest.store
