Test Bank for Krause and Mahan’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process, 11th Edition by Janice

Chapter 01: Intake: Gastrointestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Excretion of Nutrients R
j j j j j j j j j j

aymond: Krause and Mahan’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process, 16th Edition
j j j j j j j j j j j




MULTIPLEjCHOICE

1. Pepsinogenjisjconvertedjtojpepsinjwhenjitjcomesjinjcontactjwith
a. enterokinase.
b. trypsinogen.
c. hydrochloricjacid.
d. peptidases.
ANS:j C
Pepsinogenjisjsecretedjinjthejstomachjandjconvertedjtojitsjactivejformjbyjthejacidjenvironmentjofjt
hejstomach.jEnterokinasejisjsecretedjbyjthejbrushjborderjofjthejsmalljintestinejinjresponsejtojthejpr
esencejofjchyme.jTrypsinogenjisjsecretedjbyjthejpancreasjandjactivatedjbyjenterokinase.jVariousjp
eptidasesjarejsecretedjbyjthejeitherjbrushjborderjorjthejpancreas.

2. Whichjofjthejfollowingjisjformedjbyjbacterialjsynthesisjinjthejcolon?
a. VitaminjK
b. VitaminjD
c. VitaminjB6
d. Niacin
ANS:j A
ColonicjbacteriajproducejvitaminjK,jvitaminjB12,jthiamin,jandjriboflavin.jVitaminjDjmayjbejmeta
bolizedjbyjexposurejofjprecursorjvitaminjDjinjthejskinjtojultravioletjlight.jThejhumanjbodyjcanjsyn
thesizejniacinjfromjthejaminojacidjtryptophan.jVitaminjB6jmustjbejobtainedjfromjdietaryjsourcesjs
uchjasjmeats,jwholejgrains,jvegetables,jandjnuts.

3. Afterjsurgicaljremovaljofjajlargejportionjofjthejsmalljintestine,jwhatjfunctionaljcomplicationjisjm
ostjlikelyjtojdevelop?
a. Changesjinjdietaryjhabits
b. Impairedjdigestion
c. Lossjofjabsorptivejtissue
d. Eliminationjofjdietaryjresidue

ANS:j C
Thejsmalljintestinejisjthejprimaryjsitejofjnutrientjabsorptionjbecausejofjitsjlargejabsorptionjsurfac
ejarea.jSecretionsjfromjthejliver,jgallbladder,jandjpancreasjcanjstilljcontributejtojdigestionjofjinte
stinaljcontents.jHowever,jdecreasedjabsorptionjofjnutrientsjandjfoodjcomponentsjmayjresultjinjm
orejintestinaljremainsjandjresidue.jAjpatientjmayjchangejdietaryjhabitsjasjajresultjofjgastrointestin
aljdiscomfortjexperiencedjafterjintestinaljresection,jbutjthisjisjnotjajfunctionaljcomplication.

4. Thejsightjorjsmelljofjfoodjproducesjvagaljstimulationjofjthejparietaljcellsjofjthejgastricjmuc
osa,jresultingjinjthejincreasedjproductionjofjwhat?
a. Motilin
b. Gastrin
c. Cholecystokinin
d. Secretin

, ANS:j B
Parasympatheticjinnervationjthatjcausesjsecretionjofjgastrinjandjreleasejofjhydrochloricjacidjhelp
sjpreparejthejstomachjforjthejpotentialjofjreceivingjfood.jAfterjfoodjchymejisjpassedjintojthejsmallji
ntestinejfromjthejstomach,jsecretinjandjcholecystokininjarejsecretedjtojstimulatejpancreaticjsecret
ionjofjwaterjandjbicarbonate.jTheyjalsojsignaljgallbladderjcontractionsjandjcolonicjmotility,jalljre
sultingjinjreductionsjinjstomachjemptyingjandjduodenaljmotility.
Motilinjisjsecretedjfromjthejduodenaljmucosajduringjfastingjtojstimulatejgastricjemptyingjandjintestina
ljmotility.

5. Ifjajpatientjexperiencesjmalabsorptionjofjfatjresultingjfromjanjimpairedjabilityjtojproducejade
quatejbilejsaltsjforjmicellejformation,jhowjmayjfatjabsorptionjbejimproved?
a. Byjincreasingjshort-chainjfattyjacidsjinjthejdiet
b. Byjincreasingjmedium-chainjfattyjacidsjinjthejdiet
c. Byjincreasingjlong-chainjfattyjacidsjinjthejdiet
d. Byjrestrictingjdietaryjintakejofjcholesterol

ANS:j B
Medium-
chainjfattyjacidsjofj8jtoj12jcarbonsjcanjbejabsorbedjdirectlyjbyjmucosaljcellsjwithoutjthejpresencej
ofjbile.jThejlong-chainjfattyjacidsjrequirejmicellejformationjforjabsorption.jShort-
chainjfattyjacidsjresultjfromjbacterialjfermentationjofjmalabsorbedjcarbohydratesjandjfibers.jAsj
bilejisjproducedjfromjcholesterol,jdietaryjrestrictionjofjcholesteroljisjnegligiblejinjregardjtojimpr
ovementsjinjfatjabsorption.

6. Whatjisjthejfunctionjofjsecretin?
a. Stimulationjofjgastricjsecretionsjandjincreasedjmotility
b. Stimulationjofjgallbladderjcontractionjandjthejreleasejofjbile
c. Stimulationjofjthejpancreasjtojsecretejwaterjandjbicarbonate
d. Stimulationjofjthejparietaljcellsjtojsecretejgastrin
ANS:j C
Secretinjisjthejhormonejthatjworksjinjoppositionjtojgastrin.jWhereasjgastrinjstimulatesjstomachjdi
gestionjactivities,jsecretinjdecreasesjgastricjoutputjandjpromotesjpancreaticjsecretionsjtojneutrali
zejthejacidityjofjchyme.jCholecystokininjisjalsojsecretedjwhenjchymejentersjthejduodenum,jandjitji
sjresponsiblejforjstimulatingjthejgallbladder.

7. Whichjofjthejfollowingjisjajlistjofjenzymesjreleasedjfromjthejpancreas?
a. Insulin,jtrypsin,jandjsecretin
b. Lactase,jisomaltase,jandjdextrinase
c. Protease,jpepsin,jandjgastrin
d. Trypsin,jchymotrypsin,jandjcarboxypeptidase

ANS:j D
Trypsin,jchymotrypsin,jandjcarboxypeptidasejarejthreejproteinjdigestivejenzymesjsecretedjbyjthej
pancreas.jInsulinjisjanjendogenousjhormonejsecretedjbyjthejpancreas.jSecretinjisjajhormonejsecret
edjbyjthejsmalljintestine.jLactasejandjisomaltasej(alsojknownjasjdextrinase)jarejbrush-
borderjenzymes.jPepsin,jwhichjisjajprotease,jandjgastrinjarejhormonesjsecretedjbyjthejstomach.

8. Injwhatjformjisjdietaryjfatjabsorbedj fromjthejlumenjofjthejintestine?

, a. Chylomicron
b. Micelle
c. Triglyceride
d. Lipoprotein
ANS:j B
Fatsjmustjbejemulsifiedjintojmicellesjsojthatjtheyjmayjcrossjthejunstirredjwaterjlayerjthatjbordersjt
hejbrush-
borderjmembranes.jThesejmicellesjleavejmonoglyceridesjandjfattyjacidsjatjthejbrushjborder,jwher
ejtheyjarejreabsorbedjandjreassembledjasjtriglycerides.jThejtriglyceridesjarejpackagedjwithjchole
sterol,jfat-
solublejvitamins,jandjphospholipidsjintojchylomicrons,jwhichjpassjintojthejlymphaticjcirculation
.jWhenjthesejreachjthejliver,jthejchylomicronjcomponentsjarejrepackagedjintojlow-
densityjlipoproteins.

9. Whichjofjthejfollowingjisjtruejofjprobiotics?
a. Probioticsjarejlivejmicroorganismsjfoundjinjfood.
b. Probioticsjarejnondigestiblejcarbohydrates.
c. Probioticsjactjprimarilyjonjbacteriajinjthejproximaljsmalljintestine.
d. Probioticsjcannotjbejgivenjasjsupplementsjbecausejtheyjreadilyjdie.
ANS:j A
Probioticsjarejlivejmicroorganisms,jwhichjwhenjadministeredjinjadequatejamountsjconferjajhealt
hjbenefitjonjthejhost.jTheyjarejfoundjinjfermentedjfoodsjlikejyogurtjandjsauerkrautjorjasjajnutrition
aljsupplement.jBacterialjactionjisjmostjintensejinjthejdistaljsmalljintestinejandjlargejintestine.

10. Byjwhichjtransportjmechanismjarejmostjvitaminsjabsorbedjfromjthejsmalljintestinejintojthejbloo
d?
a. Passivejdiffusion
b. Activejdiffusion
c. Facilitativejdiffusion
d. Passivejosmosis
ANS:j A
Passivejdiffusionjisjlimitedjbyjthejnumberjofjchannelsjavailablejforjnutrientsjtojrandomlyjpassjthro
ugh.jFacilitatedjdiffusionjrequiresjthejpresencejofjcarrierjproteins,jwhichjmayjbejlimitedjbyjthejhea
lthjandjnutritionaljstatusjofjthejperson.jActivejtransportjrequiresjenergy,jwhichjalsojmayjbejlimitedj
byjthejperson’sjhealthjandjnutritionaljstatus.jOsmosisjoccursjinjregardjtojconcentrationjgradientjan
djonlyjinvolvesjthejmovementjofjwater,jnotjvitamins.

11. Whatjarejprimarilyjabsorbedjbyjthejlargejintestine?
a. Waterjandjfats
b. Carbohydrates
c. Proteins
d. Waterjandjelectrolytes

ANS:j D
Waterjandjelectrolytesjarejusuallyjthejonlyjabsorbablejremnantsjofjdietaryjintakejthatjreachjthejlar
gejintestine.jFats,jcarbohydrates,jandjproteinsjfromjthejdietjarejabsorbedjthroughoutjthejsmalljintes
tine.

12. WhatjhappensjtojcellulosejandjligninjasjtheyjgojthroughjthejGIjtract?

, a. Theyjarejconvertedjintojglucosejbeforejabsorption.
b. Theyjarejconvertedjintojglucosejandjabsorbedjbyjactivejtransport.
c. Theyjarejexcretedjinjthejfecesjunchanged.
d. Theyjarejexcretedjinjthejfecesjasjglucose.
ANS:j C
Injhumans,jthejsecretedjamylasesjcannotjsplitjthej1-2jandj1-
4jlinkagesjbetweenjthejsaccharidesjwithinjthejcellulosejmolecule.jAsjajresult,jnojindividualjglucos
ejmoleculesjarejbrokenjoff.

13. Whichjisjthejprocessjbyjwhichjmineralsjarejabsorbedjwhenjtheyjarejboundjtojanjacid,jorganicjacid,j
orjaminojacid?
a. Cotransportation
b. Carrierjprotein
c. Competitivejinhibition
d. Chelation
ANS:j D
Chelationjrefersjtojthejbindingjofjajcationjmineraljtojajligand,jnotjajwholejprotein.jCotransportersjc
arryjtwojdifferentjmineralsjatjajtime,jsuchjasjthejcasejwithjsodiumjandjphosphorus.jAnjoverlapjofj
mineraljtransportjmechanismsjmayjleadjtojcompetitivejabsorptionjbetweenjmineralsjinjthejpresen
cejofjotherjminerals,jsuchjasjthejcasejwithjironjorjzincjsupplementation,jleadingjtojajdecreasejinjco
pperjabsorption.

14. Howjoftenjdojthejcellsjliningjthejintestinaljtractjrecycle?
a. Everyj2jtoj3jdays
b. Everyj3jtoj5jdays
c. Everyj5jtoj7jdays
d. Everyj10jtoj14jdays
ANS:j B
Intestinaljmucosaljcellsjhavejajlifejspanjofj3jtoj5jdaysjbeforejtheyjarejsloughedjoffjandjrecycled.jTh
eyjarejfullyjfunctionaljonlyjforjthejlastj2jtoj3jdaysjasjtheyjmigratejtojthejdistaljthirdjofjthejvilli.

15. Whatjeffectjmayjbejachievedjbyjeatingjajdietjhighjinjprebioticjcarbohydrates?
a. DecreasedjSCFAjproductionjinjthejbowel
b. IncreasedjgrowthjofjLactobacillusjspp.
c. Decreasedjabsorptionjofjbilejsalts
d. Increasedjabsorptionjofjcationjminerals
ANS:j B
Thejusejofjprebioticjcarbohydratesjfavorsjthejgrowthjofjfriendlyjbacteriajsuchjasjlactobacillijandjbi
fidobacteria.jThesejbacteriajfermentjthejprebioticjcarbohydrates,jpromotingjincreasedjshort-
chainjfattyjacidjproduction.jThesejtypesjofjcarbohydratesjhavejnotjbeenjdemonstratedjtojhavejajbil
e-
sequesteringjeffect.jImpairmentsjinjabsorptionjofjcationjmineralsjtendjtojbejinjrelationjtojphytatesj
andjoxalatesjthatjarejpresentjinjplantjfoods.

16. Howjlongjdoesjitjtakejforjsmalljintestinejcontentsjtojreachjthejileocecaljvalve?
a. 18jtoj72jhours
b. 3jtoj8jhours