College 1
What does youth culture refer to?
- Shared beliefs, behaviors, practices, and values of young people within a particular
society or subculture
- the ways in which young individuals express themselves, interact with one another,
and distinguish themselves from older generations
- youth culture is not universal, it is dynamic and can vary significantly across time
and place, reflecting the cultural, social, and historical context in which it emerges
What are the key aspects of youth culture?
So how youth express themselves
- fashion and style
- music
- language
- social activities
- values and ideas
- media and technology
Why a focus on media if there are many key aspects of media?
Because all these key aspects collide in media. social media provides a platform for all the
key aspects.
Not all media is social media, what is a characteristic of social media?
social media is really emphasizing that the user can do something with the content, like:
Sharing, following, and collaborating
Which 3 theories would answer the question "Has digital media disrupted/enriched
traditional communication?" . Where on the scale of disrupting to enriching would
you put each theory.
- social presence theory → disrupting
- social information processing theory → in the middle
- channel expansion theory –? enriching
What does the social presence theory entail and what does it say about
communication in digital media?
The social presence theory is about ‘the sense of being together’.
According to the SPT this is lower in digital media. For quality communication, you really
need the sense of someone being there. facetime is still quite rich form of communication
(you see their face and hear them) but with social media the sense of someone being there
is much lower (you could send a message and someone could respond days later)
What does the social information processing theory entail, and what does it say about
communication in digital media?
The theory is about how people process and react to social media. So with the question:
‘Has digital media disrupted/enriched traditional communication?’ it depends on the receiver
if it is disrupting or enriching.
,same communication/social cues can be interpreted differently depending on the listener.e.g.
if someone sends a very short email some may think they are efficient and others think they
aren't kind.
e.g. someone posts a holiday picture. Some think they are bragging and some think it is nice
that they are updating on there life
To sum SIP (social information processing) up: social media is not just disrupting or
enriching our lives, it depends on the receiver and how they process information.
What does the channel expansion theory entail, and what does it say about
communication in digital media?
The channel expansion theory says that users with experience will strive to develop
necessary skills. for each new channel, people develop new skills to use that channel. e.g.
when you start using whatsapp, you don't know how to use the emoji's, but after a longer
time you can use them to add layers to your message. for example soften it. so it is then
richer communication
What are ways social media can be used?
- it can be used as a replacement or addition ( it can be a replacement for seeing
friends or an addition to seeing friends.)
- it can be used passively or actively
- difference between people using it passively (e.g. doomscrolling) or actively
(e.g. looking for inspiration or being creative.) The effect differ from how you
are using social media.
What does the uses and gratifications theory entail?
It says that users are actively choosing the media they are going to use because they have
needs and they want to fullfill these.
According to the theory there are four main reasons to use media:
- surveillance of the environment
you have the need to know what going on around you
- affective need
is for emotion fullfillment, e.g. you want choose a comedy serie to lift your
spirit
- cultural transmission
you need to learn what are the values of our society, e.g. by watching first
dates you learn how you should behave on a date
- entertainment
you just want to relax
What are more reasons to use media beside the four main reason according to the
uses and gratification theory?
- Self-promotion ( need to show who you are online)
- maintain existing relationships
- need for creativity
- escapism
- expressing opinions
,What 2 frameworks do we need to study the effect of media? (what approaches)
- developmental tasks approach
- risk and resilience approach
What is the basic idea of the developmental ask approach?
There is a Hierarchic list of tasks, met through biological or social development.
Developmental tasks/challenges need to be fulfilled. 'at age 15 someone needs to be able
to do this'.
What are the Erikson’s developmental stages? (8 stages)
- infancy
- early childhood
- preschool
- school age
- adolescence
- young adulthood
- middle adulthood
- maturity
- infancy
what conflict is going on during the infancy stage of Erikson’s developmental stages?
trust vs mistrust
what conflict is going on during the early childhood stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
autonomy vs shame and doubt
what conflict is going on during the preschool stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
initiative vs guilt
what conflict is going on during the school age stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
industry vs inferiority
what conflict is going on during the adolescence stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
identity vs role confusion
what conflict is going on during the young adulthood stage of Erikson’s
developmental stages?
intimacy vs isolation
what conflict is going on during the middle adulthood stage of Erikson’s
developmental stages?
generativity vs stagnation
, what conflict is going on during the maturity stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
ego integrity vs despair
What are the key developmental tasks of adolescence?
- learning to build intimate and committed friendships/relationships
- adjustment to pubertal changes
- transition to secondary schooling
- developing strong and coherent personal identity
What do you need to take in account if you want to study media effect, with a view on
the developmental task approach.
Effects depend on the age of the user. So you need to take age in account.
Which 2 stages are the when talking about Scary media content and trauma?
Who are the example for children under 12 and who for children above 12?
- under 12: parents
- above 12: influencers
What is the basic idea of the risks and resilience approach?
Risk and protective factors explain differences between people. focusing on individual
differences. if you use developmental task approach you would be confused if 2 15=year old
boys are different, but risk and resilience approach looks further than developmental stage.
What are the 2 application of the risks and resilience approach? and explain them
- snowball effect:
the more protective factor, how lesser the negative effects of media
the more risk factor, the more/bigger negative effect: the more risk factors the bigger
the consequences. (but also kind of a cascade model. it all had effect on each other.)
- turn around models
Authors found that there are 3 types of trajectories: stable low, stable high, desisters
so what we see, there are becoming more protective factors in place by aging (e.g.
getting in an romantic relationship, or wanting money so getting a job
What does youth culture refer to?
- Shared beliefs, behaviors, practices, and values of young people within a particular
society or subculture
- the ways in which young individuals express themselves, interact with one another,
and distinguish themselves from older generations
- youth culture is not universal, it is dynamic and can vary significantly across time
and place, reflecting the cultural, social, and historical context in which it emerges
What are the key aspects of youth culture?
So how youth express themselves
- fashion and style
- music
- language
- social activities
- values and ideas
- media and technology
Why a focus on media if there are many key aspects of media?
Because all these key aspects collide in media. social media provides a platform for all the
key aspects.
Not all media is social media, what is a characteristic of social media?
social media is really emphasizing that the user can do something with the content, like:
Sharing, following, and collaborating
Which 3 theories would answer the question "Has digital media disrupted/enriched
traditional communication?" . Where on the scale of disrupting to enriching would
you put each theory.
- social presence theory → disrupting
- social information processing theory → in the middle
- channel expansion theory –? enriching
What does the social presence theory entail and what does it say about
communication in digital media?
The social presence theory is about ‘the sense of being together’.
According to the SPT this is lower in digital media. For quality communication, you really
need the sense of someone being there. facetime is still quite rich form of communication
(you see their face and hear them) but with social media the sense of someone being there
is much lower (you could send a message and someone could respond days later)
What does the social information processing theory entail, and what does it say about
communication in digital media?
The theory is about how people process and react to social media. So with the question:
‘Has digital media disrupted/enriched traditional communication?’ it depends on the receiver
if it is disrupting or enriching.
,same communication/social cues can be interpreted differently depending on the listener.e.g.
if someone sends a very short email some may think they are efficient and others think they
aren't kind.
e.g. someone posts a holiday picture. Some think they are bragging and some think it is nice
that they are updating on there life
To sum SIP (social information processing) up: social media is not just disrupting or
enriching our lives, it depends on the receiver and how they process information.
What does the channel expansion theory entail, and what does it say about
communication in digital media?
The channel expansion theory says that users with experience will strive to develop
necessary skills. for each new channel, people develop new skills to use that channel. e.g.
when you start using whatsapp, you don't know how to use the emoji's, but after a longer
time you can use them to add layers to your message. for example soften it. so it is then
richer communication
What are ways social media can be used?
- it can be used as a replacement or addition ( it can be a replacement for seeing
friends or an addition to seeing friends.)
- it can be used passively or actively
- difference between people using it passively (e.g. doomscrolling) or actively
(e.g. looking for inspiration or being creative.) The effect differ from how you
are using social media.
What does the uses and gratifications theory entail?
It says that users are actively choosing the media they are going to use because they have
needs and they want to fullfill these.
According to the theory there are four main reasons to use media:
- surveillance of the environment
you have the need to know what going on around you
- affective need
is for emotion fullfillment, e.g. you want choose a comedy serie to lift your
spirit
- cultural transmission
you need to learn what are the values of our society, e.g. by watching first
dates you learn how you should behave on a date
- entertainment
you just want to relax
What are more reasons to use media beside the four main reason according to the
uses and gratification theory?
- Self-promotion ( need to show who you are online)
- maintain existing relationships
- need for creativity
- escapism
- expressing opinions
,What 2 frameworks do we need to study the effect of media? (what approaches)
- developmental tasks approach
- risk and resilience approach
What is the basic idea of the developmental ask approach?
There is a Hierarchic list of tasks, met through biological or social development.
Developmental tasks/challenges need to be fulfilled. 'at age 15 someone needs to be able
to do this'.
What are the Erikson’s developmental stages? (8 stages)
- infancy
- early childhood
- preschool
- school age
- adolescence
- young adulthood
- middle adulthood
- maturity
- infancy
what conflict is going on during the infancy stage of Erikson’s developmental stages?
trust vs mistrust
what conflict is going on during the early childhood stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
autonomy vs shame and doubt
what conflict is going on during the preschool stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
initiative vs guilt
what conflict is going on during the school age stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
industry vs inferiority
what conflict is going on during the adolescence stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
identity vs role confusion
what conflict is going on during the young adulthood stage of Erikson’s
developmental stages?
intimacy vs isolation
what conflict is going on during the middle adulthood stage of Erikson’s
developmental stages?
generativity vs stagnation
, what conflict is going on during the maturity stage of Erikson’s developmental
stages?
ego integrity vs despair
What are the key developmental tasks of adolescence?
- learning to build intimate and committed friendships/relationships
- adjustment to pubertal changes
- transition to secondary schooling
- developing strong and coherent personal identity
What do you need to take in account if you want to study media effect, with a view on
the developmental task approach.
Effects depend on the age of the user. So you need to take age in account.
Which 2 stages are the when talking about Scary media content and trauma?
Who are the example for children under 12 and who for children above 12?
- under 12: parents
- above 12: influencers
What is the basic idea of the risks and resilience approach?
Risk and protective factors explain differences between people. focusing on individual
differences. if you use developmental task approach you would be confused if 2 15=year old
boys are different, but risk and resilience approach looks further than developmental stage.
What are the 2 application of the risks and resilience approach? and explain them
- snowball effect:
the more protective factor, how lesser the negative effects of media
the more risk factor, the more/bigger negative effect: the more risk factors the bigger
the consequences. (but also kind of a cascade model. it all had effect on each other.)
- turn around models
Authors found that there are 3 types of trajectories: stable low, stable high, desisters
so what we see, there are becoming more protective factors in place by aging (e.g.
getting in an romantic relationship, or wanting money so getting a job
