PSYC 102 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Ancient Times and Middle Ages perspective on children
In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children often were viewed as innately evil, and
discipline was harsh. Legally, medieval children in Europe were treated as property and
servants. They could be sent to the monastery, married without consultation, or
convicted of crimes. Children were nurtured until they were 7 years old, which was
considered the "age of reason." Then they were expected to work alongside adults in
the home and in the field. They ate, drank, and dressed as miniature adults.
20th Century perspective on children
By the beginning of the 20th century, child development had emerged as a scientific
field of study. Within a short time, major theoretical views of the developing child had
begun to emerge, proposed by such scientists as Arnold Gesell, Sigmund Freud, John
B. Watson, and Jean Piaget. We next describe their theories of child development, as
well as those of other theorists.
Freud's Psychosexual Theory
Freud's view that as children develop, they find sexual gratification through stimulating
different parts of their bodies. According to Freud, childhood has five stages of
psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
, Erikson's theory, which emphasizes the importance of social relationships and
conscious choice throughout the eight stages of development. But Erikson also focuses
on the development of self-identity and argues that social relationships are more
important than sexual or aggressive instincts. Therefore, Erikson speaks of
psychosocial development rather than of psychosexual development. Behaviorism-
John B. Watson's view that a science or theory of development must study observable
behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and responses. John B.
Watson argued that a scientific approach to development must focus on observable
behavior only, and not on thoughts, fantasies, and other mental images.
Social Cognitive Theory
A cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes the role of observational learning
in determining behavior.
Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development
The stage theory that holds that the child's abilities to mentally represent the world and
solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of
neurological structures. The four major stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Chromosomes
Rod-shaped structures that are composed of genes and found within the nuclei of cells.
DNA- Genetic material that takes the form of a double helix made up of phosphates,
sugars, and bases. Identical vs fraternal twins- Identical twins: Twins that derive from a
single zygote that has split into two; identical twins. Each MZ twin carries the same
genetic code.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Ancient Times and Middle Ages perspective on children
In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children often were viewed as innately evil, and
discipline was harsh. Legally, medieval children in Europe were treated as property and
servants. They could be sent to the monastery, married without consultation, or
convicted of crimes. Children were nurtured until they were 7 years old, which was
considered the "age of reason." Then they were expected to work alongside adults in
the home and in the field. They ate, drank, and dressed as miniature adults.
20th Century perspective on children
By the beginning of the 20th century, child development had emerged as a scientific
field of study. Within a short time, major theoretical views of the developing child had
begun to emerge, proposed by such scientists as Arnold Gesell, Sigmund Freud, John
B. Watson, and Jean Piaget. We next describe their theories of child development, as
well as those of other theorists.
Freud's Psychosexual Theory
Freud's view that as children develop, they find sexual gratification through stimulating
different parts of their bodies. According to Freud, childhood has five stages of
psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
, Erikson's theory, which emphasizes the importance of social relationships and
conscious choice throughout the eight stages of development. But Erikson also focuses
on the development of self-identity and argues that social relationships are more
important than sexual or aggressive instincts. Therefore, Erikson speaks of
psychosocial development rather than of psychosexual development. Behaviorism-
John B. Watson's view that a science or theory of development must study observable
behavior only and investigate relationships between stimuli and responses. John B.
Watson argued that a scientific approach to development must focus on observable
behavior only, and not on thoughts, fantasies, and other mental images.
Social Cognitive Theory
A cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes the role of observational learning
in determining behavior.
Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development
The stage theory that holds that the child's abilities to mentally represent the world and
solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of
neurological structures. The four major stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Chromosomes
Rod-shaped structures that are composed of genes and found within the nuclei of cells.
DNA- Genetic material that takes the form of a double helix made up of phosphates,
sugars, and bases. Identical vs fraternal twins- Identical twins: Twins that derive from a
single zygote that has split into two; identical twins. Each MZ twin carries the same
genetic code.
