UBC PSYC 102 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Hindsight Bias
The tendency after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it ( The i-knew-it-
all-along phenomenon)
Critical Thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines
assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
Theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and
prefects behaviours or events
Hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Operational definition
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For
example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as "what an intelligence test
measures"
Replication
,repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different
situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and
circumstances
Case Study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of
revealing universal principles
Naturalistic observation
observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to
manipulate and control the situation
survey
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular
group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Population
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples can be drawn ( Note: except
for national studies, this does not refer to the country's whole population)
Random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal
chance of inclusion
correlation
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either
factor predicts the other
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
, scatterplot
a grapher cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The
slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.
The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates
high correlation)
experimental group
in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of
the independent variable
control
in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the
experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the
treatment
random assignment
assigning participants to to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing
preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
double-blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research
staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the
treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by
the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an
active agent
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Hindsight Bias
The tendency after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it ( The i-knew-it-
all-along phenomenon)
Critical Thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines
assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
Theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and
prefects behaviours or events
Hypothesis
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Operational definition
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For
example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as "what an intelligence test
measures"
Replication
,repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different
situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and
circumstances
Case Study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of
revealing universal principles
Naturalistic observation
observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to
manipulate and control the situation
survey
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of a particular
group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Population
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples can be drawn ( Note: except
for national studies, this does not refer to the country's whole population)
Random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal
chance of inclusion
correlation
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either
factor predicts the other
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
, scatterplot
a grapher cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The
slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.
The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates
high correlation)
experimental group
in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of
the independent variable
control
in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the
experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the
treatment
random assignment
assigning participants to to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing
preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
double-blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research
staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the
treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by
the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an
active agent
