CMAS 258N - EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Bowlby's Attachment Theory
Attachment is a foundational basis - children later influence their ability to attach
appropriately to others on into adulthood - Internal Working Model
Secure Attachment
Consistent, loving, able to meet child's needs
Ambivalent Attachment
Poor caretaker availability (child is distressed when caregiver leaves)
Avoidant Attachment
Child does not depend on caregiver - no preference for caregiver or a stranger
Avoid caregiver all together
Disorganized Attachment
Child may avoid or resist caregiver
Child has experienced inconsistent, undependable behavior from caregiver
Psychoanalytic Theories
Describes development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and colored by
emotions
Belief: behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of
development requires analysis
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
,Oral Stage (birth - 1.5 years): infant's pleasure centers on the mouth
Id: instincts, drives
Ego: reality
Superego: morality
Anal Stage (1.5 - 3 years): child's pleasure focuses on the anus
Phallic Stage (3 - 6 years): child's pleasure focuses on genitals
Boys - Oedipus Conflict (attracted to mother)
Girls - Electra Conflict (attracted to father)
Latency Stage (6yr - puberty): child represses sexual interest and develops social &
intellectual skills
Genital Stage (puberty-onward): a time of sexual awakening; sources of sexual
pleasure becomes someone outside the family
Freud
Psychoanalytic Theorist
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory
Normal development must be understood to each culture's life situation.
Erikson
Psychosocial Development Theorist
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years): represents world with hands, mouth, and eyes
Preoperational (2 - 7 year): represent world with words and images
, Concrete Operational (7 - 11 years): logical reasoning, object permanence goes away
Formal Operational: abstract reasoning, idealistic
Piaget
Cognitive Development Theorist
Behavioral & Social Cognitive Theories
Belief: development consists of observable behaviors that are learned through
experience with the environment.
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
After a neutral stimulus has been paired with a stimulus that automatically produces a
response, that response will be elicited by previously neutral stimulus.
Rats
Pavlov
Classical Conditioning Theorist
Skinner's Operant Conditioning
The consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probably of the behavior's
occurrence.
Rewarding positive behavior - increase positive behavior
Punishing poor behavior - decrease negative behavior
Skinner
Operant Conditioning Theorist
Brofenbrenner
Ecological System's Theorist
Microsystem
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Bowlby's Attachment Theory
Attachment is a foundational basis - children later influence their ability to attach
appropriately to others on into adulthood - Internal Working Model
Secure Attachment
Consistent, loving, able to meet child's needs
Ambivalent Attachment
Poor caretaker availability (child is distressed when caregiver leaves)
Avoidant Attachment
Child does not depend on caregiver - no preference for caregiver or a stranger
Avoid caregiver all together
Disorganized Attachment
Child may avoid or resist caregiver
Child has experienced inconsistent, undependable behavior from caregiver
Psychoanalytic Theories
Describes development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and colored by
emotions
Belief: behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of
development requires analysis
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
,Oral Stage (birth - 1.5 years): infant's pleasure centers on the mouth
Id: instincts, drives
Ego: reality
Superego: morality
Anal Stage (1.5 - 3 years): child's pleasure focuses on the anus
Phallic Stage (3 - 6 years): child's pleasure focuses on genitals
Boys - Oedipus Conflict (attracted to mother)
Girls - Electra Conflict (attracted to father)
Latency Stage (6yr - puberty): child represses sexual interest and develops social &
intellectual skills
Genital Stage (puberty-onward): a time of sexual awakening; sources of sexual
pleasure becomes someone outside the family
Freud
Psychoanalytic Theorist
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory
Normal development must be understood to each culture's life situation.
Erikson
Psychosocial Development Theorist
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years): represents world with hands, mouth, and eyes
Preoperational (2 - 7 year): represent world with words and images
, Concrete Operational (7 - 11 years): logical reasoning, object permanence goes away
Formal Operational: abstract reasoning, idealistic
Piaget
Cognitive Development Theorist
Behavioral & Social Cognitive Theories
Belief: development consists of observable behaviors that are learned through
experience with the environment.
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
After a neutral stimulus has been paired with a stimulus that automatically produces a
response, that response will be elicited by previously neutral stimulus.
Rats
Pavlov
Classical Conditioning Theorist
Skinner's Operant Conditioning
The consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probably of the behavior's
occurrence.
Rewarding positive behavior - increase positive behavior
Punishing poor behavior - decrease negative behavior
Skinner
Operant Conditioning Theorist
Brofenbrenner
Ecological System's Theorist
Microsystem
