BIOL 101 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS EXAM LATEST
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Properties of life
- order
- response to the environment
- reproduction
- growth and development
- energy processing
- evolutionary adaptation
- regulation
Hydrophilic
Water-loving, soluble in water
6 important chemical groups
1. Hydroxyl
2. Carbonyl
3. Carboxyl
4. Amino
5. Phosphate
6. Methyl
Polymers
Chains made of smaller molecules
Monomers
The budding blocks of polymers
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars- monomers of carbohydrates
- glucose
- fructose
- sucrose
Disaccharide
Formed by a dehydration reaction from 2 monosaccharide monomers
Polysaccharide
Polymers of thousands of monosaccharides
- function as space molecules or structural compounds
- starch
- cellulose
- chitin
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
Lipids
Mad of glycerol and fatty acids
- serve as energy storage
Unsaturated fatty acid
,Hydrocarbon chain contains double bonds
- plant fats
Saturated fatty avuds
Hydrocarbon chain contains no double bonds
- animal fats
Phospholipids
Major component of cell membranes- contain 2 fatty acids connected to glycerol
Steroids
Lipids with carbon skeleton that contains 4 fused rings
Proteins
- Polymer of amino acids
- function depend on shape
- must recognize and bind to some other molecule
Denaturation
A protein unravels and loses its shape/function
Amino acid
Amino group bonded to a carboxyl group by an R group/hydrogen atom
Peptide bond
Covalent linkage between amino acids
Polypeptide
Chain of amino acids
Primary structure (proteins)
Precise sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Secondary structure (proteins)
Local patterns of the chain that are coiled or folded segments
Tertiary structure
Overall 3D shape of a protein
Quaternary structure
Proteins with make than one polypeptide chain
Gene
Discrete unit of inheritance
- RNA assembles the polypeptide according to the instructions of the DNA
Nucleic acids
Polymer of nucleotides
DNA nucleotide bases
1. Adenine
2. Thymine
3. Cytosine
4. Guanine
(A pairs with T and C pairs with G)
RNA nucleotide bases
1. Adenine
2. Uracil
3. Cytosine
4. Guanine
, Polynucleotide
Nucleic acid polymer with repeating sugar-phosphate back bone held together by
hydrogen bonds
- 2 polynucleotides form double helix in DNA
Plasma membrane
A flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
- majorly constituted of phospholipids
eukaryotic cells
have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles that perform specific functions, as
well as compartments that have specific chemical conditions that favor the processes
that happen in each
prokaryotic cells
were first to evolve and are smaller and simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells
both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have:
cytoplasm
chromosomes
ribosomes
cytosol
DNA
the cell's genetic instructions inside the nucleus
nuclear envelope
a barrier separating the cell's genetic info from the cytosol
nuclear pores
how materials enter and exit the nucleus
chromosomes
structures of organized proteins and DNA
chromatin
complex of proteins and DNA that makes up chromosomes
nucleolus
the dense sphere in the center of the nucleus that is the site of of RNA synthesis
according to DNA instructions
ribosomes
make proteins for use in the cell and for export
free ribosomes
produce proteins for the cell
bound ribosomes
produce proteins that are transported out of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
biosynthetic workshop that produces enzymes, steroids and lipids (smooth ER) and
secrete proteins produced by ribosomes (rough ER)
Golgi apparatus
functions as a shipping depot
lysosomes
digest obsolete components of the cell and degrade material taken from outside of the
cell
vacuoles
UPDATE.Buy Quality Materials!
Properties of life
- order
- response to the environment
- reproduction
- growth and development
- energy processing
- evolutionary adaptation
- regulation
Hydrophilic
Water-loving, soluble in water
6 important chemical groups
1. Hydroxyl
2. Carbonyl
3. Carboxyl
4. Amino
5. Phosphate
6. Methyl
Polymers
Chains made of smaller molecules
Monomers
The budding blocks of polymers
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars- monomers of carbohydrates
- glucose
- fructose
- sucrose
Disaccharide
Formed by a dehydration reaction from 2 monosaccharide monomers
Polysaccharide
Polymers of thousands of monosaccharides
- function as space molecules or structural compounds
- starch
- cellulose
- chitin
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
Lipids
Mad of glycerol and fatty acids
- serve as energy storage
Unsaturated fatty acid
,Hydrocarbon chain contains double bonds
- plant fats
Saturated fatty avuds
Hydrocarbon chain contains no double bonds
- animal fats
Phospholipids
Major component of cell membranes- contain 2 fatty acids connected to glycerol
Steroids
Lipids with carbon skeleton that contains 4 fused rings
Proteins
- Polymer of amino acids
- function depend on shape
- must recognize and bind to some other molecule
Denaturation
A protein unravels and loses its shape/function
Amino acid
Amino group bonded to a carboxyl group by an R group/hydrogen atom
Peptide bond
Covalent linkage between amino acids
Polypeptide
Chain of amino acids
Primary structure (proteins)
Precise sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Secondary structure (proteins)
Local patterns of the chain that are coiled or folded segments
Tertiary structure
Overall 3D shape of a protein
Quaternary structure
Proteins with make than one polypeptide chain
Gene
Discrete unit of inheritance
- RNA assembles the polypeptide according to the instructions of the DNA
Nucleic acids
Polymer of nucleotides
DNA nucleotide bases
1. Adenine
2. Thymine
3. Cytosine
4. Guanine
(A pairs with T and C pairs with G)
RNA nucleotide bases
1. Adenine
2. Uracil
3. Cytosine
4. Guanine
, Polynucleotide
Nucleic acid polymer with repeating sugar-phosphate back bone held together by
hydrogen bonds
- 2 polynucleotides form double helix in DNA
Plasma membrane
A flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
- majorly constituted of phospholipids
eukaryotic cells
have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles that perform specific functions, as
well as compartments that have specific chemical conditions that favor the processes
that happen in each
prokaryotic cells
were first to evolve and are smaller and simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells
both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have:
cytoplasm
chromosomes
ribosomes
cytosol
DNA
the cell's genetic instructions inside the nucleus
nuclear envelope
a barrier separating the cell's genetic info from the cytosol
nuclear pores
how materials enter and exit the nucleus
chromosomes
structures of organized proteins and DNA
chromatin
complex of proteins and DNA that makes up chromosomes
nucleolus
the dense sphere in the center of the nucleus that is the site of of RNA synthesis
according to DNA instructions
ribosomes
make proteins for use in the cell and for export
free ribosomes
produce proteins for the cell
bound ribosomes
produce proteins that are transported out of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
biosynthetic workshop that produces enzymes, steroids and lipids (smooth ER) and
secrete proteins produced by ribosomes (rough ER)
Golgi apparatus
functions as a shipping depot
lysosomes
digest obsolete components of the cell and degrade material taken from outside of the
cell
vacuoles
