BIOL 101 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS EXAM LATEST
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Monosaccharides
Single sugar monomers
Can be in a ring or straight-chain form
Always with a ratio of 1:2:1
Include glucose, fructose, and galuctose
Disaccharides
Linking of monosaccharides with dehydration synthesis
Forms a glycosidic linkage between two sugar monomers
Includes maltose, lactose, an sucrose
In the 1950s, the scientists Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase carried out an
experiment using bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. During
the experiment, the scientists allowed bacteriophages that had been labeled with
either radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur to infect bacterial cells. After
the infection process occurred, the scientists determined the locations of the
radioactive elements.
After carrying out their experiment, the scientists concluded that bacteriophages
inject DNA (a type of nucleic acid), but not protein, into host bacterial cells during
infection.
Based on the scientists' conclusion, which of the following describes the most
likely result of the experiment?
Infected bacterial cells contained significant amounts of radioactive phosphorous, but
not radioactive sulfur
What biological molecule contains carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen, and
hydrogen, but not sulfur?
Nucleic acid
What elements do carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
What elements do proteins contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
A scientist designs a primer, which is a short oligonucleotide, for use in a
quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). During the reaction, the primer
will bind to its DNA template via complementary base-pairing. The sequence and
orientation of the primer is shown below.
5'-AGCTGAGATCGATCGATA-3'
Which of the following shows the sequence and orientation of the primer's DNA
template?
3'-TCGACTCTAGCTAGCTAT-5
A pairs with T an C pairs with G
3' to 5' and 5' to 3'
, Which of the following models best depicts how the genetic information in a
retrovirus is eventually translated into proteins?
RNA in the retrovirus → DNA in the host cell → RNA in the host cell → Proteins
Keystone species
A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a long-distance signaling molecule
released by the anterior pituitary gland. Once released, TSH travels through the
bloodstream to the thyroid gland, where it binds to G protein-coupled receptors
called TSH receptors. This binding initiates signal transduction pathways that
produce two thyroid hormones, T3 and T4.
In individuals with hypothyroidism, TSH is released by the pituitary gland
normally, but these individuals have consistently low levels of T3 and T4.
Which of the following best explains why individuals with hypothyroidism have
low levels of T3 and T4?
A mutation in their TSH receptors decreases TSH recognition, resulting in decreased
signal transduction
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is classified as an RNA virus because its
genome, or genetic material, consists of a single strand of RNA.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the information above?
A. The nucelotides of HIV form an antiparallel nucelic aci structure
B. Uracil nucleotides are present in the HIV genome
C. The structure of HIV forms a double-stranded nucleic aci
D. Deoxyribose is a five-carbons sugar within the nucleic acid structure of HIV
B
Uracil replaces thymine in RNA
Note that for D, RNA contains Ribose, not Deoxyribose
Maltase is an enzyme found in the small intestine. It helps break down maltose
during the process of digestion.
Which of the following best describes what happens when maltose binds with
maltase?
Maltose binds to the active site of maltase, causing the conformation of the active site to
change slightly.
The adjustment of the active site is known asinuced fit.
Which of the following correctly describes how meiosis I and meiosis II differ?
Pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis I, while sister
chromatids are separated during meiosis II
Enzymes that catalyze consecutive steps in a metabolic pathway often cluster
together in a cell.
Which of the following statements describes a likely result of this clustering?
Pathway intermediates are prevented from entering alternative metabolic pathways.
The clustering of enzymes in a metabolic pathway ensures that the product of one
enzyme is efficiently transferred to the next enzyme in the pathway. So, the clustering
prevents pathway intermediates from being diverted into alternative metabolic
pathways.
Intron
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Monosaccharides
Single sugar monomers
Can be in a ring or straight-chain form
Always with a ratio of 1:2:1
Include glucose, fructose, and galuctose
Disaccharides
Linking of monosaccharides with dehydration synthesis
Forms a glycosidic linkage between two sugar monomers
Includes maltose, lactose, an sucrose
In the 1950s, the scientists Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase carried out an
experiment using bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. During
the experiment, the scientists allowed bacteriophages that had been labeled with
either radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur to infect bacterial cells. After
the infection process occurred, the scientists determined the locations of the
radioactive elements.
After carrying out their experiment, the scientists concluded that bacteriophages
inject DNA (a type of nucleic acid), but not protein, into host bacterial cells during
infection.
Based on the scientists' conclusion, which of the following describes the most
likely result of the experiment?
Infected bacterial cells contained significant amounts of radioactive phosphorous, but
not radioactive sulfur
What biological molecule contains carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen, and
hydrogen, but not sulfur?
Nucleic acid
What elements do carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
What elements do proteins contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
A scientist designs a primer, which is a short oligonucleotide, for use in a
quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). During the reaction, the primer
will bind to its DNA template via complementary base-pairing. The sequence and
orientation of the primer is shown below.
5'-AGCTGAGATCGATCGATA-3'
Which of the following shows the sequence and orientation of the primer's DNA
template?
3'-TCGACTCTAGCTAGCTAT-5
A pairs with T an C pairs with G
3' to 5' and 5' to 3'
, Which of the following models best depicts how the genetic information in a
retrovirus is eventually translated into proteins?
RNA in the retrovirus → DNA in the host cell → RNA in the host cell → Proteins
Keystone species
A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a long-distance signaling molecule
released by the anterior pituitary gland. Once released, TSH travels through the
bloodstream to the thyroid gland, where it binds to G protein-coupled receptors
called TSH receptors. This binding initiates signal transduction pathways that
produce two thyroid hormones, T3 and T4.
In individuals with hypothyroidism, TSH is released by the pituitary gland
normally, but these individuals have consistently low levels of T3 and T4.
Which of the following best explains why individuals with hypothyroidism have
low levels of T3 and T4?
A mutation in their TSH receptors decreases TSH recognition, resulting in decreased
signal transduction
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is classified as an RNA virus because its
genome, or genetic material, consists of a single strand of RNA.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the information above?
A. The nucelotides of HIV form an antiparallel nucelic aci structure
B. Uracil nucleotides are present in the HIV genome
C. The structure of HIV forms a double-stranded nucleic aci
D. Deoxyribose is a five-carbons sugar within the nucleic acid structure of HIV
B
Uracil replaces thymine in RNA
Note that for D, RNA contains Ribose, not Deoxyribose
Maltase is an enzyme found in the small intestine. It helps break down maltose
during the process of digestion.
Which of the following best describes what happens when maltose binds with
maltase?
Maltose binds to the active site of maltase, causing the conformation of the active site to
change slightly.
The adjustment of the active site is known asinuced fit.
Which of the following correctly describes how meiosis I and meiosis II differ?
Pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis I, while sister
chromatids are separated during meiosis II
Enzymes that catalyze consecutive steps in a metabolic pathway often cluster
together in a cell.
Which of the following statements describes a likely result of this clustering?
Pathway intermediates are prevented from entering alternative metabolic pathways.
The clustering of enzymes in a metabolic pathway ensures that the product of one
enzyme is efficiently transferred to the next enzyme in the pathway. So, the clustering
prevents pathway intermediates from being diverted into alternative metabolic
pathways.
Intron
