,RADIOGRAPHIC IM m
AGINGAND 5 m
FIFTH
EXPOSURE
m
mm EDITION
TERRI L. FAUBER, EdD, RT(R)(M)
m m m m
AssociatemProfessormandmRadiography mProgram mDirector
Departmentmof mRadiationmScience
smSchoolmofmAlliedmHealthmProfessi
onsmVirginiamCommonwealthmUnive
rsity
Richmond,m Virginia
withm207millustrations
,3251mRiverport mLane
St.mLouis,mMissouri m63043
RADIO G RAPH IC mIM AG ING m & m E XPO SUR E, mF IF T H mE DIT IO N ISBN:m 978-0-323-35624-4
Copyright m©m2017 mby mElsevier, mInc.mAllmrightsmreserved.
No mpart mofmthismpublicationmmaymbemreproduced mor mtransmitted minmanymform mor mbymanymmeans,melectronicmo
r mmechani-
mcal,mincluding mphotocopying,mrecording,mor manyminformationmstorage mand mretrieval msystem,mwithout mper
missionminmwriting mfrom mthempublisher.mDetailsmonmhowmto mseekmpermission,mfurther minformationmabout mthem
Publisher’smpermis-
msionsmpoliciesmand mour marrangementsmwithmorganizationsmsuchmasmthemCopyright mClearancemCenter mand mthem
Copyright mLicensing mAgencymcanmbemfound matmourmwebsite:mwww.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thismbookmand mthemindividual mcontributionsmcontained minmit maremprotected munder mcopyright mbymthemPublishe
r m(other mthanmas mmaymbemnoted mherein).
Notices
Knowledgemand mbestmpracticesminmthismfieldmaremconstantlymchanging.mAsmnewmresearchmand mexperiencembroa
denmour munderstanding,mchangesminmresearchmmethods,mprofessionalmpractices,mormmedicalmtreatment mmaymbec
omemnecessary.mPractitionersmandmresearchersmmustmalwaysmrelymonmtheirmownmexperiencemandmknowle
dgeminmevaluatingmandmusing manyminformation,mmethods,mcompounds,mor mexperimentsmdescribedmherein.m
Inmusing msuchminformationmor mmethods,mtheymshould mbemmindful mofmtheir mownmsafetymand mthemsafetymofmot
hers,mincluding mpartiesmfor mwhom mthey
havemamprofessional mresponsibility.
Withmrespectmto manymdrugmormpharmaceuticalmproductsmidentified,mreadersmaremadvisedmto mcheckm
themmostmcurrentminformationmprovided m(i)monmprocedures mfeaturedmorm(ii)mbymthemmanufacturermofm
eachmproductmtombemadministered mto mverifymthemrecommended mdosemor mformula,mthemmethod mand mdur
ationmofmadministration,mand mcontraindications.mIt mismthemresponsibilitymofmpractitioners,mrelying monmtheir m
ownmexperiencemand mknowledgemofmtheir mpatients,mto mmakemdiagnoses,mto mdeterminemdosagesmand mthemb
est mtreatment mfor meachmindividual mpatient,mand mto mtakemall mappropriate msafetymprecautions.
To mthemfullest mextent mofmthemlaw,mneither mthemPublisher mnor mthemauthors,mcontributors,mor meditorsmass
umemanymliabilitymformanyminjurymand/ormdamagemtompersons mormpropertymas ma mmattermofmproduct mlia
bility,mnegligencemormotherwise,mormfrommanymusemormoperationmofmanymmethods,mproducts,minstructi
ons,mormideas mcontained minmthemmaterial mherein.
Previousmeditionsmcopyrighted m2013,m2009,m2004,mand m2000.
Library mof mCongressmCataloging-in-PublicationmData
Names:mFauber,mTerri mL.,mauthor.
Title:mRadiographicmimagingm&mexposurem/mTerrimL.mFauber.
mOther mtitles:mRadiographicmimaging mand mexposure
Description:mFifthmedition.m| mSt.mLouis,mMissourim:mElsevier,m[2017]m|m
Includes mbibliographical mreferences mand mindex.
Identifiers:mLCCNm2016009225m| mISBNm9780323356244m(pbk.m:malk.mpap
er)mSubjects:m|mMESH:mRadiographym| mRadiographicmImagemEnhance
ment
Classification:mLCCmRC78m| mNLMmWNm200m| mDDCm616.07/572--
dc23mLCmrecord mavailable matmhttp://lccn.loc.gov/2016009225
Content mStra teg ist:m SonyamSeigafuse
Content mDevelopment mManager: mBilliemSharp
AssociatemContent mDevelopment mSpecialist: mSamantha mDalton
Publishing mS ervic es m M anag er: mJeffmPattersonm
BookmProductionmSpecialist:mBillmDronemD
esignmDirection: mPaula mCatalano
Printed minmthemUnited mStatesmofmAmerica
Lastmdigit mis mthemprint mnumber:m9m 8m 7m 6m 5m 4m 3m 2m 1
, C O N T R IB U T O R S
m m m m m m m m m m
JamesmN.mJohnston,mPhD,mRT(R)(CV) AndrewmWoodward,mMA,mRT(R)(CT)(QM)
Professor mRadiologicmSciences Assistant mProfessor
Deanmof mthemRobert mD. m& mCarol mGunnmCollege Divisionmof mRadiologicmSciencemSch
m of mHealth mSciencesmandmHuman mService oolmofmMedicine
s UniversitymofmNorthmCarolinamatmChapelmHillmCh
MidwesternmStatemUniversitymWich apelmHill, mNorthmCarolina
itamFalls, mTexas
Rebecca mHarrismKeith,mMS,mRT(R)(CT)m
Assistant mProfessor m& mDirector mof mAdmissionsm
DepartmentmofmRadiationmSciences
SchoolmofmAlliedmHealthmProfessio
nsmVirginiamCommonwealthmUnive
rsitymRichmond, mVirginia
AGINGAND 5 m
FIFTH
EXPOSURE
m
mm EDITION
TERRI L. FAUBER, EdD, RT(R)(M)
m m m m
AssociatemProfessormandmRadiography mProgram mDirector
Departmentmof mRadiationmScience
smSchoolmofmAlliedmHealthmProfessi
onsmVirginiamCommonwealthmUnive
rsity
Richmond,m Virginia
withm207millustrations
,3251mRiverport mLane
St.mLouis,mMissouri m63043
RADIO G RAPH IC mIM AG ING m & m E XPO SUR E, mF IF T H mE DIT IO N ISBN:m 978-0-323-35624-4
Copyright m©m2017 mby mElsevier, mInc.mAllmrightsmreserved.
No mpart mofmthismpublicationmmaymbemreproduced mor mtransmitted minmanymform mor mbymanymmeans,melectronicmo
r mmechani-
mcal,mincluding mphotocopying,mrecording,mor manyminformationmstorage mand mretrieval msystem,mwithout mper
missionminmwriting mfrom mthempublisher.mDetailsmonmhowmto mseekmpermission,mfurther minformationmabout mthem
Publisher’smpermis-
msionsmpoliciesmand mour marrangementsmwithmorganizationsmsuchmasmthemCopyright mClearancemCenter mand mthem
Copyright mLicensing mAgencymcanmbemfound matmourmwebsite:mwww.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thismbookmand mthemindividual mcontributionsmcontained minmit maremprotected munder mcopyright mbymthemPublishe
r m(other mthanmas mmaymbemnoted mherein).
Notices
Knowledgemand mbestmpracticesminmthismfieldmaremconstantlymchanging.mAsmnewmresearchmand mexperiencembroa
denmour munderstanding,mchangesminmresearchmmethods,mprofessionalmpractices,mormmedicalmtreatment mmaymbec
omemnecessary.mPractitionersmandmresearchersmmustmalwaysmrelymonmtheirmownmexperiencemandmknowle
dgeminmevaluatingmandmusing manyminformation,mmethods,mcompounds,mor mexperimentsmdescribedmherein.m
Inmusing msuchminformationmor mmethods,mtheymshould mbemmindful mofmtheir mownmsafetymand mthemsafetymofmot
hers,mincluding mpartiesmfor mwhom mthey
havemamprofessional mresponsibility.
Withmrespectmto manymdrugmormpharmaceuticalmproductsmidentified,mreadersmaremadvisedmto mcheckm
themmostmcurrentminformationmprovided m(i)monmprocedures mfeaturedmorm(ii)mbymthemmanufacturermofm
eachmproductmtombemadministered mto mverifymthemrecommended mdosemor mformula,mthemmethod mand mdur
ationmofmadministration,mand mcontraindications.mIt mismthemresponsibilitymofmpractitioners,mrelying monmtheir m
ownmexperiencemand mknowledgemofmtheir mpatients,mto mmakemdiagnoses,mto mdeterminemdosagesmand mthemb
est mtreatment mfor meachmindividual mpatient,mand mto mtakemall mappropriate msafetymprecautions.
To mthemfullest mextent mofmthemlaw,mneither mthemPublisher mnor mthemauthors,mcontributors,mor meditorsmass
umemanymliabilitymformanyminjurymand/ormdamagemtompersons mormpropertymas ma mmattermofmproduct mlia
bility,mnegligencemormotherwise,mormfrommanymusemormoperationmofmanymmethods,mproducts,minstructi
ons,mormideas mcontained minmthemmaterial mherein.
Previousmeditionsmcopyrighted m2013,m2009,m2004,mand m2000.
Library mof mCongressmCataloging-in-PublicationmData
Names:mFauber,mTerri mL.,mauthor.
Title:mRadiographicmimagingm&mexposurem/mTerrimL.mFauber.
mOther mtitles:mRadiographicmimaging mand mexposure
Description:mFifthmedition.m| mSt.mLouis,mMissourim:mElsevier,m[2017]m|m
Includes mbibliographical mreferences mand mindex.
Identifiers:mLCCNm2016009225m| mISBNm9780323356244m(pbk.m:malk.mpap
er)mSubjects:m|mMESH:mRadiographym| mRadiographicmImagemEnhance
ment
Classification:mLCCmRC78m| mNLMmWNm200m| mDDCm616.07/572--
dc23mLCmrecord mavailable matmhttp://lccn.loc.gov/2016009225
Content mStra teg ist:m SonyamSeigafuse
Content mDevelopment mManager: mBilliemSharp
AssociatemContent mDevelopment mSpecialist: mSamantha mDalton
Publishing mS ervic es m M anag er: mJeffmPattersonm
BookmProductionmSpecialist:mBillmDronemD
esignmDirection: mPaula mCatalano
Printed minmthemUnited mStatesmofmAmerica
Lastmdigit mis mthemprint mnumber:m9m 8m 7m 6m 5m 4m 3m 2m 1
, C O N T R IB U T O R S
m m m m m m m m m m
JamesmN.mJohnston,mPhD,mRT(R)(CV) AndrewmWoodward,mMA,mRT(R)(CT)(QM)
Professor mRadiologicmSciences Assistant mProfessor
Deanmof mthemRobert mD. m& mCarol mGunnmCollege Divisionmof mRadiologicmSciencemSch
m of mHealth mSciencesmandmHuman mService oolmofmMedicine
s UniversitymofmNorthmCarolinamatmChapelmHillmCh
MidwesternmStatemUniversitymWich apelmHill, mNorthmCarolina
itamFalls, mTexas
Rebecca mHarrismKeith,mMS,mRT(R)(CT)m
Assistant mProfessor m& mDirector mof mAdmissionsm
DepartmentmofmRadiationmSciences
SchoolmofmAlliedmHealthmProfessio
nsmVirginiamCommonwealthmUnive
rsitymRichmond, mVirginia
