2025 FUNDAMENTALS OF KINESIOLOGY QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Deep - Refers to beneath the surface of the body
Anteromedial - Structure that is located on the front of the body and toward the midline
Superolateral - Structure near the head and away from the midline
Bilateral relationships - Structures that have left and right members (kidneys)
Unilateral - Structures only on one side of the body (spleen)
Ipsilateral - Refers to the same side of the body
Contralateral - Refers to the opposite side of the body
Plane of Motion - An imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body
segment is moved
The Cardinal Planes consist of - Sagittal plane, frontal plane, and transverse plane
Sagittal Plane (Anteroposterior Plane) - Vertical plane that bisects the body from front to
back, dividing it into right and left sides. Flexion and extension movements such as
dumbbell curls, bending the knee, and sit-ups occur in this plane
Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane) - Vertical plane that bisects the body into two symmetrical
front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. Abduction and adduction movements such
as jumping jacks, bending side to side from the waist occur here
Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane) - Bisects the body from front to back dividing the
body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves. Rotation movements such as
forearm pronation and supination and rotating the spine to the right or left occur in this
plane
The four axes - Bilateral axis, anteroposterior axis, longitudinal axis, and diagonal axis
Bilateral Axis (Frontal or coronal axis) - Runs perpendicular to the sagittal plane
Anteroposterior Axis - Runs perpendicular to the frontal plane
Longitudinal Axis (Vertical axis) - Runs perpendicular to the transverse plane
Diagonal Axis (Oblique axis) - Runs perpendicular to the diagonal plane
Hypo - Movement below the normal range of motion
,Hyper - Excessive range of motion past normal
Flexion - Decrease in the angle of a joint
Extension - Increase in the angle of a joint
Abduction - Segment moves away from the midline in the frontal plane
Adduction - The segment moves toward the midline in the frontal plane
Circumduction - Refers to a circular movement at the end of a segment that combines
flexions, extension, abduction, and adduction
Horizontal adduction and abduction - Movements that take place in the transverse plane
about a longitudinal axis
Internal Rotation - When the anterior surface of the bone rotates toward the midline
External Rotation - When the anterior surfaces away from the midline
Dorsiflexion - Occurs when there is a decrease in the angle between the lower leg and
the dorsum of the foot
Plantar Flexion - Occurs when the angle between the lower leg and the dorsum of the
foot increases
Inversion - Bottom of the foot moves toward the midline
Eversion - When the bottom of the foot moves away from the midline
Pronation and Supination occur at - The proximal radioulnar joint
Supination - When the radius rotates laterally about the ulna
Pronation - When the radius rotates medially about the ulna
Ulnar and radial deviation - Specific to the wrist
Ulnar Deviation - Occurs when the hand moves toward the ulna
Radial Deviation - Occurs when the hand moves toward the radius
What 6 motions are specific to the wrist? - Elevation, depression, upward rotation,
downward rotation, protraction, and retraction
, Elevation - The entire scapula moves up
Depression - Scapula moves down
Upward Rotation - When the inferior angle, which is at the bottom of the scapula,
rotates superiorly and laterally. Occurs when someone abducts their shoulder
Downward Rotation - When the inferior angle of the scapula rotates medially and
inferiorly. Occurs when someone adducts their shoulder
What is the most common type of joint in the human body? - Diarthroidal
Diarthrotic Joints - Freely movable joints. Based on how many axes the articulating
bones can move
Synarthrotic Joints - Immovable joint, but is important in the stabilization of the skeletal
system
Amphiarthrotic Joints - Slightly movable joint, can be divided into three types;
Syndesmosis, Symphysis, and Synchondrosis
Syndesmosis Joint - Joint held together by sheets of strong fibrous tissue known as
interosseous ligaments
Symphysis Joint - Joint separated by fibrocartilage pad that allows slight movement
between the bones
Synchondrosis Joint - Joint that has hyaline cartilage between the bones that allows
some movement
Concentric Action - A muscle action that occurs when a muscle generates tension that
produces a torque larger than the resistive torque a the joint, resulting in a shortening of
the muscle and a change of the joint angle in the direction of the muscular torque
Eccentric Action - A muscle action that occurs when a muscle generates tension that
produces a smaller torque than the resistive torque at the joint, resulting in a
lengthening of the muscle and a change in the joint angle in the direction of the resistive
torque
Isometric Action - A muscle action that occurs when a muscle generates tension that is
equal to the resistance at the joint, resulting in no noticeable change in the joint angle
Biomechanics - The study of the structure and function of biological systems by the
means and methods of mechanics
Bio - Living
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Deep - Refers to beneath the surface of the body
Anteromedial - Structure that is located on the front of the body and toward the midline
Superolateral - Structure near the head and away from the midline
Bilateral relationships - Structures that have left and right members (kidneys)
Unilateral - Structures only on one side of the body (spleen)
Ipsilateral - Refers to the same side of the body
Contralateral - Refers to the opposite side of the body
Plane of Motion - An imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body
segment is moved
The Cardinal Planes consist of - Sagittal plane, frontal plane, and transverse plane
Sagittal Plane (Anteroposterior Plane) - Vertical plane that bisects the body from front to
back, dividing it into right and left sides. Flexion and extension movements such as
dumbbell curls, bending the knee, and sit-ups occur in this plane
Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane) - Vertical plane that bisects the body into two symmetrical
front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves. Abduction and adduction movements such
as jumping jacks, bending side to side from the waist occur here
Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane) - Bisects the body from front to back dividing the
body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves. Rotation movements such as
forearm pronation and supination and rotating the spine to the right or left occur in this
plane
The four axes - Bilateral axis, anteroposterior axis, longitudinal axis, and diagonal axis
Bilateral Axis (Frontal or coronal axis) - Runs perpendicular to the sagittal plane
Anteroposterior Axis - Runs perpendicular to the frontal plane
Longitudinal Axis (Vertical axis) - Runs perpendicular to the transverse plane
Diagonal Axis (Oblique axis) - Runs perpendicular to the diagonal plane
Hypo - Movement below the normal range of motion
,Hyper - Excessive range of motion past normal
Flexion - Decrease in the angle of a joint
Extension - Increase in the angle of a joint
Abduction - Segment moves away from the midline in the frontal plane
Adduction - The segment moves toward the midline in the frontal plane
Circumduction - Refers to a circular movement at the end of a segment that combines
flexions, extension, abduction, and adduction
Horizontal adduction and abduction - Movements that take place in the transverse plane
about a longitudinal axis
Internal Rotation - When the anterior surface of the bone rotates toward the midline
External Rotation - When the anterior surfaces away from the midline
Dorsiflexion - Occurs when there is a decrease in the angle between the lower leg and
the dorsum of the foot
Plantar Flexion - Occurs when the angle between the lower leg and the dorsum of the
foot increases
Inversion - Bottom of the foot moves toward the midline
Eversion - When the bottom of the foot moves away from the midline
Pronation and Supination occur at - The proximal radioulnar joint
Supination - When the radius rotates laterally about the ulna
Pronation - When the radius rotates medially about the ulna
Ulnar and radial deviation - Specific to the wrist
Ulnar Deviation - Occurs when the hand moves toward the ulna
Radial Deviation - Occurs when the hand moves toward the radius
What 6 motions are specific to the wrist? - Elevation, depression, upward rotation,
downward rotation, protraction, and retraction
, Elevation - The entire scapula moves up
Depression - Scapula moves down
Upward Rotation - When the inferior angle, which is at the bottom of the scapula,
rotates superiorly and laterally. Occurs when someone abducts their shoulder
Downward Rotation - When the inferior angle of the scapula rotates medially and
inferiorly. Occurs when someone adducts their shoulder
What is the most common type of joint in the human body? - Diarthroidal
Diarthrotic Joints - Freely movable joints. Based on how many axes the articulating
bones can move
Synarthrotic Joints - Immovable joint, but is important in the stabilization of the skeletal
system
Amphiarthrotic Joints - Slightly movable joint, can be divided into three types;
Syndesmosis, Symphysis, and Synchondrosis
Syndesmosis Joint - Joint held together by sheets of strong fibrous tissue known as
interosseous ligaments
Symphysis Joint - Joint separated by fibrocartilage pad that allows slight movement
between the bones
Synchondrosis Joint - Joint that has hyaline cartilage between the bones that allows
some movement
Concentric Action - A muscle action that occurs when a muscle generates tension that
produces a torque larger than the resistive torque a the joint, resulting in a shortening of
the muscle and a change of the joint angle in the direction of the muscular torque
Eccentric Action - A muscle action that occurs when a muscle generates tension that
produces a smaller torque than the resistive torque at the joint, resulting in a
lengthening of the muscle and a change in the joint angle in the direction of the resistive
torque
Isometric Action - A muscle action that occurs when a muscle generates tension that is
equal to the resistance at the joint, resulting in no noticeable change in the joint angle
Biomechanics - The study of the structure and function of biological systems by the
means and methods of mechanics
Bio - Living
