2025 FUNDAMENTALS OF KINESIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Aerobic Production of ATP - Intensity level that can be maintained continuously for long
periods of time
Which energy system is the primary ATP source for specific activities/events/exercises?
- ATP is produced in muscles through cellular respiration
What is the rate of ATP production (Aerobic)? (slow, fast, or in the middle) - Slow
How long can the energy system keep up ATP production? (Aerobic) - How long can
the energy system keep up ATP production? (Aerobic)
What is thermoregulation? - regulation of body temperature
Favorable vs Unfavorable temperature/environmental conditions for physical
activity/exercise. - Low to moderate air temperature and relative humidity
What is Epidemiology? - The study of what falls upon the people
John Snow - Father of epidemiology
Cholera Outbreak - London 1854, Snow combined ground-breaking observational
scientific data with logical reasoning techniques to determine how cholera spread
throughout a community.
What was the solution to the cholera outbreak? - Solution was to remove the pump that
was contaminated and prevent further consumption of the water
What is the primary focus of epidemiology? - To study the distribution and determinants
of health-related states or events in specified populations
Morbidity - Refers to the illness or sickness associated with disease
Morality - Refers to death
When did PA Epidemiology start? - 1953
Main findings from London Bus Conductors vs Drivers Study - Conductors were much
more active than the drivers. Incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) among
conductors was half that of the drivers
Prevalence - Looking at the total number of individuals in the group being studied who
exhibit a certain characteristic at a given point in time.
,Incidence - An indicator of the number of new cases during a specified period of time
Types of Causality - Temporal Sequence
Strength of Association
Consistency
Dose Response
Biological Plausibility
Temporal Sequence - Exposure to the variable of interest must precede the
development of the disease with enough for the disease to drop
Strength of Association - A large and clinically meaningful difference must exist when
comparing the risk of developing the disease between those exposed and those not
exposed to the variable of interest
Consistency - The observed association between the variable of interest and the
disease is always observed if the variable of interest is present; repeated in the
literature in people of different age, gender, ethnicity, and race
Dose Response - The risk of developing the disease increases proportionately with
greater exposure to the variable of interest
Biological Plausibility - The observed association between the variable of interest and
the disease is explainable by existing knowledge about possible biological mechanisms
What are the three types of variables? - Independent, dependent, and third variables
4 types of study designs - 1. Cross sectional
2. Case control
3. Prospective Cohort
4.Randomized Control trail
Applied Anatomy - The aspect of the discipline of anatomy important for a sound
understanding of basic structure and how these structures produce movement
Anatomical Position - Body is upright, with the head facing forwards, arms at the side of
the trunk with the palms facing forward, and the legs together with feet pointing forward
Fundamental Position - The palms are at the sides facing in toward the trunk.
Anterior (or ventral) Plane - The front of the body
Posterior (or dorsal) Plane - The back of the body
Superior Plane - The top of the body (near the head)
, Inferior Plane - The bottom of the body (near the feet)
Medial - Refers to a structure that is close to the midline of the body
Midline - Imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves
Lateral - Refers to a structure that is away from the midline
Proximal - Refers to a structure being near the trunk or to the point of origin
Distal - Refers to a structure being farther away from the trunk or the point of origin
Palmar - Refers to the palm of the hand
Plantar - Refers to the sole or undersurface of the foot
Volar - Can be used to refer to both the palm of the hand and the sole of the foot
Supine - Position where the person is lying on their back, facing upward
Prone - Position where the person is lying on their stomach, facing downward
Superficial - Structure toward the surface of the body
Deep - Refers to beneath the surface of the body
Anteromedial - Structure that is located on the front of the body and toward the midline
Superolateral - Structure near the head and away from the midline
Bilateral relationships - Structures that have left and right members (kidneys)
Unilateral - Structures only on one side of the body (spleen)
Ipsilateral - Refers to the same side of the body
Contralateral - Refers to the opposite side of the body
Plane of Motion - An imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body
segment is moved
The Cardinal Planes consist of - Sagittal plane, frontal plane, and transverse plane
Sagittal Plane (Anteroposterior Plane) - Vertical plane that bisects the body from front to
back, dividing it into right and left sides. Flexion and extension movements such as
dumbbell curls, bending the knee, and sit-ups occur in this plane
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Aerobic Production of ATP - Intensity level that can be maintained continuously for long
periods of time
Which energy system is the primary ATP source for specific activities/events/exercises?
- ATP is produced in muscles through cellular respiration
What is the rate of ATP production (Aerobic)? (slow, fast, or in the middle) - Slow
How long can the energy system keep up ATP production? (Aerobic) - How long can
the energy system keep up ATP production? (Aerobic)
What is thermoregulation? - regulation of body temperature
Favorable vs Unfavorable temperature/environmental conditions for physical
activity/exercise. - Low to moderate air temperature and relative humidity
What is Epidemiology? - The study of what falls upon the people
John Snow - Father of epidemiology
Cholera Outbreak - London 1854, Snow combined ground-breaking observational
scientific data with logical reasoning techniques to determine how cholera spread
throughout a community.
What was the solution to the cholera outbreak? - Solution was to remove the pump that
was contaminated and prevent further consumption of the water
What is the primary focus of epidemiology? - To study the distribution and determinants
of health-related states or events in specified populations
Morbidity - Refers to the illness or sickness associated with disease
Morality - Refers to death
When did PA Epidemiology start? - 1953
Main findings from London Bus Conductors vs Drivers Study - Conductors were much
more active than the drivers. Incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) among
conductors was half that of the drivers
Prevalence - Looking at the total number of individuals in the group being studied who
exhibit a certain characteristic at a given point in time.
,Incidence - An indicator of the number of new cases during a specified period of time
Types of Causality - Temporal Sequence
Strength of Association
Consistency
Dose Response
Biological Plausibility
Temporal Sequence - Exposure to the variable of interest must precede the
development of the disease with enough for the disease to drop
Strength of Association - A large and clinically meaningful difference must exist when
comparing the risk of developing the disease between those exposed and those not
exposed to the variable of interest
Consistency - The observed association between the variable of interest and the
disease is always observed if the variable of interest is present; repeated in the
literature in people of different age, gender, ethnicity, and race
Dose Response - The risk of developing the disease increases proportionately with
greater exposure to the variable of interest
Biological Plausibility - The observed association between the variable of interest and
the disease is explainable by existing knowledge about possible biological mechanisms
What are the three types of variables? - Independent, dependent, and third variables
4 types of study designs - 1. Cross sectional
2. Case control
3. Prospective Cohort
4.Randomized Control trail
Applied Anatomy - The aspect of the discipline of anatomy important for a sound
understanding of basic structure and how these structures produce movement
Anatomical Position - Body is upright, with the head facing forwards, arms at the side of
the trunk with the palms facing forward, and the legs together with feet pointing forward
Fundamental Position - The palms are at the sides facing in toward the trunk.
Anterior (or ventral) Plane - The front of the body
Posterior (or dorsal) Plane - The back of the body
Superior Plane - The top of the body (near the head)
, Inferior Plane - The bottom of the body (near the feet)
Medial - Refers to a structure that is close to the midline of the body
Midline - Imaginary line that divides the body into left and right halves
Lateral - Refers to a structure that is away from the midline
Proximal - Refers to a structure being near the trunk or to the point of origin
Distal - Refers to a structure being farther away from the trunk or the point of origin
Palmar - Refers to the palm of the hand
Plantar - Refers to the sole or undersurface of the foot
Volar - Can be used to refer to both the palm of the hand and the sole of the foot
Supine - Position where the person is lying on their back, facing upward
Prone - Position where the person is lying on their stomach, facing downward
Superficial - Structure toward the surface of the body
Deep - Refers to beneath the surface of the body
Anteromedial - Structure that is located on the front of the body and toward the midline
Superolateral - Structure near the head and away from the midline
Bilateral relationships - Structures that have left and right members (kidneys)
Unilateral - Structures only on one side of the body (spleen)
Ipsilateral - Refers to the same side of the body
Contralateral - Refers to the opposite side of the body
Plane of Motion - An imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body
segment is moved
The Cardinal Planes consist of - Sagittal plane, frontal plane, and transverse plane
Sagittal Plane (Anteroposterior Plane) - Vertical plane that bisects the body from front to
back, dividing it into right and left sides. Flexion and extension movements such as
dumbbell curls, bending the knee, and sit-ups occur in this plane
