CONTEMPORARY J
WORLD POLITICS J
TEXTBOOK IN POLITICAL SCIENCE FOR CLASS XII
J J J J J J
2018-19
, ALLjRIGHTSjRESERVED
❑ Nojpartjofjthisjpublicationjmayjbejreproduced,jstoredjinjajretrievaljsystemj orj
transmitted,jinjanyjformjorjbyjanyjmeans,jelectronic,jmechanical,j phot
ocopying,jrecordingjorjotherwisejwithoutjthejpriorjpermissionjofjthej publis
her.
❑ Thisjbookjisjsoldjsubjectjtojthejconditionjthatjitjshalljnot,jbyjwayjofjtrade,j bej len
t,j re-
sold,jhiredjoutjorjotherwisejdisposedjofjwithoutjthejpublisher’sj consent,ji
njanyjformjofjbindingjorjcoverjotherjthanjthatjinjwhichjitjisjpublished.
❑ Thejcorrectjpricejofjthisjpublicationjisjthejpricejprintedjonjthisjpage,jAnyj re
visedjpricejindicatedjbyjajrubberjstampjorjbyjajstickerjorjbyjanyjotherj me
ansjisjincorrectjandjshouldjbejunacceptable.
OFFICESjOFjTHEjPUBLICATION
DIVISION,jNCERT
NCERTjCampusj
SrijAurobindojMarg
Newj Delhij110j016 Phonej:j 011-26562708
108,j100jFeetjRoadj Hos
dakerejHallijExtensionj Ba
nashankarijIIIjStage
Bengaluruj560j085 Phonej:j080-26725740
NavjivanjTrustjBuilding
P.O.Navjivan
Ahmedabadj380j014 Phonej:j 079-27541446
CWCjCampus
Opp.jDhankaljBusjStopj
Panihati
Kolkataj700j114 Phonej:j 033-25530454
CWCjComplexj Maliga
on
Guwahatij781j021 Phonej:j 0361-2674869
2018-19
, iii
Foreword
ThejNationaljCurriculumjFrameworkj(NCF),j2005,jrecommendsjthatjchildren’sjlifejatjschooljm
ustjbejlinkedjtojtheirjlifejoutsidejthejschool.jThisjprinciplejmarksjajdeparturejfromjthejlegacy
jofjbookishjlearningjwhichjcontinuesjtojshapejourjsystemjandjcausesjajgapjbetweenjthejschoo
l,jhomejandjcommunity.jThejsyllabijandjtextbooksjdevelopedjonjthejbasisjofjNCFjsignifyjanj
attemptjtojimplementjthisjbasicjidea.jTheyjalsojattemptjtojdiscouragejrotejlearningjandjthej
maintenancejofjsharpjboundariesjbetweenjdifferentjsubjectjareas.jWejhopejthesejmeasur
esjwilljtakejusjsignificantlyjfurtherjinjthejdirectionjofjajchild-
centredjsystemjofjeducationjoutlinedjinjthejNationaljPolicyjonjEducationj(1986).
Thejsuccessjofjthisjeffortjdependsjonjthejstepsjthatjschooljprincipalsjandjteachersjwill
takejtojencouragejchildrenjtojreflectjonjtheirjownjlearningjandjtojpursuejimaginativeja
j
ctivitiesjandjquestions.jWejmustjrecognisejthatjgivenjspace,jtimejandjfreedom,jchildre
njgeneratejnewjknowledgejbyjengagingjwithjthejinformationjpassedjonjtojthemjbyjadults.j
Treatingjthejprescribedjtextbookjasjthejsolejbasisjofjexaminationjisjonejofjthejkeyjreason
sjwhyjotherjresourcesjandjsitesjofjlearningjarejignored.jInculcatingjcreativityjandjinitia
tivejisjpossiblejifjwejperceivejandjtreatjchildrenjasjparticipantsjinjlearning,jnotjasjreceiv
ersjofjajfixedjbodyjofjknowledge.
Thesejaimsjimplyjconsiderablejchangejinjschooljroutinesjandjmodejofjfunctioning.jFle
xibilityjinjthejdailyjtimetablejisjasjnecessaryjasjrigourjinjimplementingjthejannualjcalend
arjsojthatjthejrequiredjnumberjofjteachingjdaysjisjactuallyjdevotedjtojteaching.jThejmeth
odsjusedjforjteachingjandjevaluationjwilljalsojdeterminejhowjeffectivejthisjtextbookjpr
ovesjforjmakingjchildren’sjlifejatjschooljajhappyjexperience,jratherjthanjajsourcejofjstres
sjorjboredom.jSyllabusjdesignersjhavejtriedjtojaddressjthejproblemjofjcurricularjburdenj
byjrestructuringjandjreorientingjknowledgejatjdifferentjstagesjwithjgreaterjconsiderat
ionjforjchildjpsychologyjandjthejtimejavailablejforjteaching.jThejtextbookjattemptsjtoje
nhancejthisjendeavourjbyjgivingjhigherjpriorityjandjspacejtojopportunitiesjforjcontemp
lationjandjwondering,jdiscussionjinjsmalljgroups,jandjactivitiesjrequiringjhands-
onjexperience.
ThejNationaljCounciljofjEducationaljResearchjandjTrainingj(NCERT)jappreciatesjth
ejhardjworkjdonejbyjthejtextbookjdevelopmentjcommitteejresponsiblejforjthisjbook.jWej
wishjtojthankjthejChairpersonjofjthejadvisoryjgroupjinjSocialjSciences,jProfessorjHarijVa
sudevan,jthejChiefjAdvisors,jProfessorjYogendrajYadavjandjProfessorjSuhasjPalshikarj
andjthejAdvisor,jProfessorjKantijBajpaijforjguidingjthejworkjofjthisjcommittee.jSeveraljt
eachersjcontributedjtojthejdevelopmentjofjthisjtextbook;jwejarejgratefuljtojtheirjprincipal
sjforjmakingjthisjpossible.jWejarejindebtedjtojthejinstitutionsjandjorganisationsjwhichjha
vejgenerouslyjpermittedjusjtojdrawjuponjtheirjresources,jmaterialjandjpersonnel.jWeja
rejespeciallyjgratefuljtojthejmembersjofjthejNationaljMonitoringjCommittee,jappoint
edjbyjthejDepartmentjofjSecondaryjandjHigherjEducation,jMinistryjofjHumanjResourc
esjDevelopmentjunderjthejChairpersonshipjofjProfessorjMrinaljMirijandjProfessorjG.P.jDesh
pande,jforjtheirjvaluablejtimejandjcontribution.
2018-19
, iv
Asjanjorganisationjcommittedjtojsystemicjreformjandjcontinuousjimprovementjinjthejqu
alityjofjitsjproducts,jNCERTjwelcomesjcommentsjandjsuggestionsjwhichjwilljenablejusjtoj
undertakejfurtherjrevisionjandjrefinement.
Director
NewjDelhi jNationaljCounciljofjEducationalj
20j Novemberj 2006 ResearchjandjTraining
2018-19
WORLD POLITICS J
TEXTBOOK IN POLITICAL SCIENCE FOR CLASS XII
J J J J J J
2018-19
, ALLjRIGHTSjRESERVED
❑ Nojpartjofjthisjpublicationjmayjbejreproduced,jstoredjinjajretrievaljsystemj orj
transmitted,jinjanyjformjorjbyjanyjmeans,jelectronic,jmechanical,j phot
ocopying,jrecordingjorjotherwisejwithoutjthejpriorjpermissionjofjthej publis
her.
❑ Thisjbookjisjsoldjsubjectjtojthejconditionjthatjitjshalljnot,jbyjwayjofjtrade,j bej len
t,j re-
sold,jhiredjoutjorjotherwisejdisposedjofjwithoutjthejpublisher’sj consent,ji
njanyjformjofjbindingjorjcoverjotherjthanjthatjinjwhichjitjisjpublished.
❑ Thejcorrectjpricejofjthisjpublicationjisjthejpricejprintedjonjthisjpage,jAnyj re
visedjpricejindicatedjbyjajrubberjstampjorjbyjajstickerjorjbyjanyjotherj me
ansjisjincorrectjandjshouldjbejunacceptable.
OFFICESjOFjTHEjPUBLICATION
DIVISION,jNCERT
NCERTjCampusj
SrijAurobindojMarg
Newj Delhij110j016 Phonej:j 011-26562708
108,j100jFeetjRoadj Hos
dakerejHallijExtensionj Ba
nashankarijIIIjStage
Bengaluruj560j085 Phonej:j080-26725740
NavjivanjTrustjBuilding
P.O.Navjivan
Ahmedabadj380j014 Phonej:j 079-27541446
CWCjCampus
Opp.jDhankaljBusjStopj
Panihati
Kolkataj700j114 Phonej:j 033-25530454
CWCjComplexj Maliga
on
Guwahatij781j021 Phonej:j 0361-2674869
2018-19
, iii
Foreword
ThejNationaljCurriculumjFrameworkj(NCF),j2005,jrecommendsjthatjchildren’sjlifejatjschooljm
ustjbejlinkedjtojtheirjlifejoutsidejthejschool.jThisjprinciplejmarksjajdeparturejfromjthejlegacy
jofjbookishjlearningjwhichjcontinuesjtojshapejourjsystemjandjcausesjajgapjbetweenjthejschoo
l,jhomejandjcommunity.jThejsyllabijandjtextbooksjdevelopedjonjthejbasisjofjNCFjsignifyjanj
attemptjtojimplementjthisjbasicjidea.jTheyjalsojattemptjtojdiscouragejrotejlearningjandjthej
maintenancejofjsharpjboundariesjbetweenjdifferentjsubjectjareas.jWejhopejthesejmeasur
esjwilljtakejusjsignificantlyjfurtherjinjthejdirectionjofjajchild-
centredjsystemjofjeducationjoutlinedjinjthejNationaljPolicyjonjEducationj(1986).
Thejsuccessjofjthisjeffortjdependsjonjthejstepsjthatjschooljprincipalsjandjteachersjwill
takejtojencouragejchildrenjtojreflectjonjtheirjownjlearningjandjtojpursuejimaginativeja
j
ctivitiesjandjquestions.jWejmustjrecognisejthatjgivenjspace,jtimejandjfreedom,jchildre
njgeneratejnewjknowledgejbyjengagingjwithjthejinformationjpassedjonjtojthemjbyjadults.j
Treatingjthejprescribedjtextbookjasjthejsolejbasisjofjexaminationjisjonejofjthejkeyjreason
sjwhyjotherjresourcesjandjsitesjofjlearningjarejignored.jInculcatingjcreativityjandjinitia
tivejisjpossiblejifjwejperceivejandjtreatjchildrenjasjparticipantsjinjlearning,jnotjasjreceiv
ersjofjajfixedjbodyjofjknowledge.
Thesejaimsjimplyjconsiderablejchangejinjschooljroutinesjandjmodejofjfunctioning.jFle
xibilityjinjthejdailyjtimetablejisjasjnecessaryjasjrigourjinjimplementingjthejannualjcalend
arjsojthatjthejrequiredjnumberjofjteachingjdaysjisjactuallyjdevotedjtojteaching.jThejmeth
odsjusedjforjteachingjandjevaluationjwilljalsojdeterminejhowjeffectivejthisjtextbookjpr
ovesjforjmakingjchildren’sjlifejatjschooljajhappyjexperience,jratherjthanjajsourcejofjstres
sjorjboredom.jSyllabusjdesignersjhavejtriedjtojaddressjthejproblemjofjcurricularjburdenj
byjrestructuringjandjreorientingjknowledgejatjdifferentjstagesjwithjgreaterjconsiderat
ionjforjchildjpsychologyjandjthejtimejavailablejforjteaching.jThejtextbookjattemptsjtoje
nhancejthisjendeavourjbyjgivingjhigherjpriorityjandjspacejtojopportunitiesjforjcontemp
lationjandjwondering,jdiscussionjinjsmalljgroups,jandjactivitiesjrequiringjhands-
onjexperience.
ThejNationaljCounciljofjEducationaljResearchjandjTrainingj(NCERT)jappreciatesjth
ejhardjworkjdonejbyjthejtextbookjdevelopmentjcommitteejresponsiblejforjthisjbook.jWej
wishjtojthankjthejChairpersonjofjthejadvisoryjgroupjinjSocialjSciences,jProfessorjHarijVa
sudevan,jthejChiefjAdvisors,jProfessorjYogendrajYadavjandjProfessorjSuhasjPalshikarj
andjthejAdvisor,jProfessorjKantijBajpaijforjguidingjthejworkjofjthisjcommittee.jSeveraljt
eachersjcontributedjtojthejdevelopmentjofjthisjtextbook;jwejarejgratefuljtojtheirjprincipal
sjforjmakingjthisjpossible.jWejarejindebtedjtojthejinstitutionsjandjorganisationsjwhichjha
vejgenerouslyjpermittedjusjtojdrawjuponjtheirjresources,jmaterialjandjpersonnel.jWeja
rejespeciallyjgratefuljtojthejmembersjofjthejNationaljMonitoringjCommittee,jappoint
edjbyjthejDepartmentjofjSecondaryjandjHigherjEducation,jMinistryjofjHumanjResourc
esjDevelopmentjunderjthejChairpersonshipjofjProfessorjMrinaljMirijandjProfessorjG.P.jDesh
pande,jforjtheirjvaluablejtimejandjcontribution.
2018-19
, iv
Asjanjorganisationjcommittedjtojsystemicjreformjandjcontinuousjimprovementjinjthejqu
alityjofjitsjproducts,jNCERTjwelcomesjcommentsjandjsuggestionsjwhichjwilljenablejusjtoj
undertakejfurtherjrevisionjandjrefinement.
Director
NewjDelhi jNationaljCounciljofjEducationalj
20j Novemberj 2006 ResearchjandjTraining
2018-19
