, TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary............................................................................................................................................................ 8
CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE................................................................................................................. 3 PLANT CELL STRUCTURE................................................................................................................. 10
01 Elements in the Human Body......................................................................................... 3 01 Taxonomy................................................................................................................................. 10
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................3 02 Microscopes.......................................................................................................................... 10
Elements in the Human Body........................................................................................................... 3 Light microscope....................................................................................................................................... 10
Elements Found in the Human Body.......................................................................................... 4 Stereo microscope.................................................................................................................................... 10
Elements Combine to Form Compounds................................................................................4 Electron microscope.................................................................................................................................11
02 Atoms..........................................................................................................................................4 03 Parts of the Cell.....................................................................................................................11
Atoms..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Nucleus................................................................................................................................................................ 11
03 Water........................................................................................................................................... 5 Plasma membrane................................................................................................................................... 12
Water.......................................................................................................................................................................5 Cytoplasm........................................................................................................................................................ 12
04 Acids and Bases.................................................................................................................... 5 Microbodies.................................................................................................................................................... 15
Acids and Bases............................................................................................................................................5 04 Passage into the Cell........................................................................................................ 15
Emphysema......................................................................................................................................................6 Active Transport...........................................................................................................................................16
05 Organic Compounds........................................................................................................... 6 Passive Transport.......................................................................................................................................16
History....................................................................................................................................................................6 05 Cell Cycle................................................................................................................................. 16
Carbon................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Interphase........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Functional groups....................................................................................................................................... 6 Mitosis................................................................................................................................................................. 17
06 Monomers and Polymers.................................................................................................. 7 Prophase.............................................................................................................................................................17
Monomers...........................................................................................................................................................7 Metaphase........................................................................................................................................................17
Polymers...............................................................................................................................................................7 Anaphase........................................................................................................................................................... 17
Dehydration synthesis.............................................................................................................................7 Telophase...........................................................................................................................................................17
Hydrolysis (Hydration synthesis)................................................................................................... 7 Cytokinesis.......................................................................................................................................................17
Enzymes............................................................................................................................................................... 7
07 Life’s Large Molecules.........................................................................................................7 PLANT CELL METABOLISM.............................................................................................................. 18
Carbohydrates.................................................................................................................................................7 01 Review on Cell Cycle........................................................................................................... 18
Lipids......................................................................................................................................................................8 Interphase........................................................................................................................................................18
Protein................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Mitosis [karyokinesis]........................................................................................................................... 18
Nucleic acid......................................................................................................................................................8 02 Metabolism............................................................................................................................18
08 Sugars........................................................................................................................................ 8 Metabolism.....................................................................................................................................................18
Monosaccharides........................................................................................................................................ 8 Metabolic pathways.................................................................................................................................19
Disaccharides.................................................................................................................................................8 Biochemical pathway.............................................................................................................................19
Polysaccharides............................................................................................................................................8 Bioenergetics.................................................................................................................................................19
, 03 Law of Energy Transformation.....................................................................................19
Forms of energy........................................................................................................................................... 19
Thermodynamics....................................................................................................................................... 19
Biological order and disorder.........................................................................................................20
Free energy..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Free energy, Stability, and Equilibrium................................................................................. 20
Free energy and metabolism..........................................................................................................20
Equilibrium and metabolism + energy coupling.........................................................20
Energy coupling...........................................................................................................................................21
Structure and hydrolysis of ATP.................................................................................................... 21
Cellular work................................................................................................................................................. 22
How ATP provides energy that performs work................................................................. 22
Enzymes........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Allosteric regulation of enzymes.................................................................................................25
CELLULAR RESPIRATION.................................................................................................................26
01 Cellular Respiration.......................................................................................................... 26
Definition.........................................................................................................................................................26
Types of cellular respiration............................................................................................................ 26
Ways it is produced................................................................................................................................ 26
Processes.........................................................................................................................................................26
02 Glycolysis............................................................................................................................... 26
GAMETOGENESIS...............................................................................................................................29
01 Mitosis vs Meiosis...................................................................................................................................... 29
02 Megasporogenesis.................................................................................................................................... 30
03 Microsporogenesis....................................................................................................................................30
, CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE ★ Trace elements
○ Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Selenium, Fluoride, and
Iodine
01 Elements in Introduction
○ Found in trace amounts in some, but not all
the Human ★ Chemicals make up our body, living organisms, and the
Body organisms
physical environment
○ Trace elements are common additives to food and
★ Ordering atoms represent the lowest level of biological
water
organization
■ To help preserve it
★ It is necessary to understand how the different molecules
■ Make it more nutritious
and atoms & the things that govern to interact to make up
■ Make it look better
life & our basic functions
○ Some trace elements are used to prevent diseases
★ Chemicals are the base level of biological hierarchy & are
■ Without iron, your body cannot transport
then arranged into higher organizations
oxygen
★ Human beings are made up of 25 different elements
● Hemoglobin transports oxygen
(categorized into how important they are)
around the body
★ Digestion
● Iron is the key which allows for
○ A hydrolysis reaction (catabolism) in which large
hemoglobin to transport oxygen
molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
around the body
by adding a water molecule
● Example:
★ Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical
○ In Covid 19, people had
elements
difficulty breathing
○ Living organisms are composed of matter, which is
because there were lyses
anything that occupies space and has mass
of hemoglobin (attraction
(weight)
towards iron and iron
○ Matter is composed of chemical elements
gets broken down); hence
○ An element is a substance that cannot be broken
there was a lack of cells
down to other substances
to transport oxygen
○ There are 92 elements in nature—only a few exist in
■ We need oxygen for respiration
a pure state
● It is the final electron acceptor;
○ Life requires 25 essential elements and some are
this means that its helps in
called trace elements
creating ATP (energy)
Elements in the Human Body ○ This is for aerobic
★ Essential respirators
○ Sulfur, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Carbon, and ■ An iodine deficiency prevent production of
Nitrogen thyroid hormones (T3 & T4), resulting in
○ Found in all living organisms goiter
★ Variable elements ■ Iron deficiency
○ Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, and ● Hyperplasia
Chlorine
○ Variable found in living organisms
CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE................................................................................................................. 3 PLANT CELL STRUCTURE................................................................................................................. 10
01 Elements in the Human Body......................................................................................... 3 01 Taxonomy................................................................................................................................. 10
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................3 02 Microscopes.......................................................................................................................... 10
Elements in the Human Body........................................................................................................... 3 Light microscope....................................................................................................................................... 10
Elements Found in the Human Body.......................................................................................... 4 Stereo microscope.................................................................................................................................... 10
Elements Combine to Form Compounds................................................................................4 Electron microscope.................................................................................................................................11
02 Atoms..........................................................................................................................................4 03 Parts of the Cell.....................................................................................................................11
Atoms..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Nucleus................................................................................................................................................................ 11
03 Water........................................................................................................................................... 5 Plasma membrane................................................................................................................................... 12
Water.......................................................................................................................................................................5 Cytoplasm........................................................................................................................................................ 12
04 Acids and Bases.................................................................................................................... 5 Microbodies.................................................................................................................................................... 15
Acids and Bases............................................................................................................................................5 04 Passage into the Cell........................................................................................................ 15
Emphysema......................................................................................................................................................6 Active Transport...........................................................................................................................................16
05 Organic Compounds........................................................................................................... 6 Passive Transport.......................................................................................................................................16
History....................................................................................................................................................................6 05 Cell Cycle................................................................................................................................. 16
Carbon................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Interphase........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Functional groups....................................................................................................................................... 6 Mitosis................................................................................................................................................................. 17
06 Monomers and Polymers.................................................................................................. 7 Prophase.............................................................................................................................................................17
Monomers...........................................................................................................................................................7 Metaphase........................................................................................................................................................17
Polymers...............................................................................................................................................................7 Anaphase........................................................................................................................................................... 17
Dehydration synthesis.............................................................................................................................7 Telophase...........................................................................................................................................................17
Hydrolysis (Hydration synthesis)................................................................................................... 7 Cytokinesis.......................................................................................................................................................17
Enzymes............................................................................................................................................................... 7
07 Life’s Large Molecules.........................................................................................................7 PLANT CELL METABOLISM.............................................................................................................. 18
Carbohydrates.................................................................................................................................................7 01 Review on Cell Cycle........................................................................................................... 18
Lipids......................................................................................................................................................................8 Interphase........................................................................................................................................................18
Protein................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Mitosis [karyokinesis]........................................................................................................................... 18
Nucleic acid......................................................................................................................................................8 02 Metabolism............................................................................................................................18
08 Sugars........................................................................................................................................ 8 Metabolism.....................................................................................................................................................18
Monosaccharides........................................................................................................................................ 8 Metabolic pathways.................................................................................................................................19
Disaccharides.................................................................................................................................................8 Biochemical pathway.............................................................................................................................19
Polysaccharides............................................................................................................................................8 Bioenergetics.................................................................................................................................................19
, 03 Law of Energy Transformation.....................................................................................19
Forms of energy........................................................................................................................................... 19
Thermodynamics....................................................................................................................................... 19
Biological order and disorder.........................................................................................................20
Free energy..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Free energy, Stability, and Equilibrium................................................................................. 20
Free energy and metabolism..........................................................................................................20
Equilibrium and metabolism + energy coupling.........................................................20
Energy coupling...........................................................................................................................................21
Structure and hydrolysis of ATP.................................................................................................... 21
Cellular work................................................................................................................................................. 22
How ATP provides energy that performs work................................................................. 22
Enzymes........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Allosteric regulation of enzymes.................................................................................................25
CELLULAR RESPIRATION.................................................................................................................26
01 Cellular Respiration.......................................................................................................... 26
Definition.........................................................................................................................................................26
Types of cellular respiration............................................................................................................ 26
Ways it is produced................................................................................................................................ 26
Processes.........................................................................................................................................................26
02 Glycolysis............................................................................................................................... 26
GAMETOGENESIS...............................................................................................................................29
01 Mitosis vs Meiosis...................................................................................................................................... 29
02 Megasporogenesis.................................................................................................................................... 30
03 Microsporogenesis....................................................................................................................................30
, CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE ★ Trace elements
○ Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Selenium, Fluoride, and
Iodine
01 Elements in Introduction
○ Found in trace amounts in some, but not all
the Human ★ Chemicals make up our body, living organisms, and the
Body organisms
physical environment
○ Trace elements are common additives to food and
★ Ordering atoms represent the lowest level of biological
water
organization
■ To help preserve it
★ It is necessary to understand how the different molecules
■ Make it more nutritious
and atoms & the things that govern to interact to make up
■ Make it look better
life & our basic functions
○ Some trace elements are used to prevent diseases
★ Chemicals are the base level of biological hierarchy & are
■ Without iron, your body cannot transport
then arranged into higher organizations
oxygen
★ Human beings are made up of 25 different elements
● Hemoglobin transports oxygen
(categorized into how important they are)
around the body
★ Digestion
● Iron is the key which allows for
○ A hydrolysis reaction (catabolism) in which large
hemoglobin to transport oxygen
molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
around the body
by adding a water molecule
● Example:
★ Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical
○ In Covid 19, people had
elements
difficulty breathing
○ Living organisms are composed of matter, which is
because there were lyses
anything that occupies space and has mass
of hemoglobin (attraction
(weight)
towards iron and iron
○ Matter is composed of chemical elements
gets broken down); hence
○ An element is a substance that cannot be broken
there was a lack of cells
down to other substances
to transport oxygen
○ There are 92 elements in nature—only a few exist in
■ We need oxygen for respiration
a pure state
● It is the final electron acceptor;
○ Life requires 25 essential elements and some are
this means that its helps in
called trace elements
creating ATP (energy)
Elements in the Human Body ○ This is for aerobic
★ Essential respirators
○ Sulfur, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Carbon, and ■ An iodine deficiency prevent production of
Nitrogen thyroid hormones (T3 & T4), resulting in
○ Found in all living organisms goiter
★ Variable elements ■ Iron deficiency
○ Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, and ● Hyperplasia
Chlorine
○ Variable found in living organisms
