, TABLE OF CONTENTS Stem........................................................................................................................................................................11
PLANT ROOTS..........................................................................................................................................5 02 Leaf Arrangement.......................................................................................................................................... 11
01 Roots...........................................................................................................................................................................5 Alternate / Alternately Arranged.....................................................................................................11
Roots....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Opposite / Oppositely Arranged......................................................................................................11
Quick differentiation.................................................................................................................................5 Whorled................................................................................................................................................................11
02 Root Structure...................................................................................................................................................5 03 Parts of the Stem........................................................................................................................................... 11
Root cap............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Node........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Region of Cell Division.............................................................................................................................5 Petiole....................................................................................................................................................................11
Region of Elongation.................................................................................................................................5 Buds........................................................................................................................................................................11
Region of Maturation................................................................................................................................6 Leaf Scar..............................................................................................................................................................11
03 Herbaceous and Woody Roots............................................................................................................ 6 Lenticels.............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Herbaceous....................................................................................................................................................... 6 04 Origin and Development of Stems................................................................................................ 12
Herbaceous Dicot Structure............................................................................................................... 6 Apical Meristem.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Herbaceous Monocot Root Structure..........................................................................................7 Traces....................................................................................................................................................................12
Woody Dicot Root Structure................................................................................................................ 7 Vascular Cambium................................................................................................................................... 12
04 Specialized Roots........................................................................................................................................... 7 Second Cambium...................................................................................................................................... 12
Food Storage Roots.....................................................................................................................................7 05 Tissue Patterns in Stems...................................................................................................................... 12
Water Storage Roots.................................................................................................................................. 7 Steles....................................................................................................................................................................12
Propagative Roots....................................................................................................................................... 8 06 Herbaceous and Woody Stems.........................................................................................................13
Pneumatophores..........................................................................................................................................8 Herbaceous Stems....................................................................................................................................13
Aerial Roots.......................................................................................................................................................8 Herbaceous Monocotyledonous Stem.....................................................................................13
Contractile Roots......................................................................................................................................... 8 Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Stems...........................................................................................13
Buttress Roots................................................................................................................................................8 Woody Dicotyledonous Stems........................................................................................................13
Parasitic Roots............................................................................................................................................... 9 Vascular Rays................................................................................................................................................ 13
Mycorrhizae.......................................................................................................................................................9 07 Types of Woody Stems.............................................................................................................................. 14
Root Nodules....................................................................................................................................................9 Heartwood.........................................................................................................................................................14
Others...............................................................................................................................................................................9 Sapwood.............................................................................................................................................................14
Saprophyte.........................................................................................................................................................9 Softwood............................................................................................................................................................14
Epiphyte............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Hardwood.......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Epiparasite........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Bark........................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Myco-heterotroph...................................................................................................................................... 10 08 Special Stems................................................................................................................................................. 15
Rhizomes...........................................................................................................................................................15
SHOOT SYSTEM: STEM...................................................................................................................... 11 Runners and Stolons.............................................................................................................................. 15
01 Stem........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Tuber......................................................................................................................................................................15
, Bulbs..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Fleshy Leaves............................................................................................................................................... 20
Corms................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Succulent Leaves......................................................................................................................................20
Cladophylls / phylloclades or clad-odes................................................................................15 Storage Leaves............................................................................................................................................20
Thorns.................................................................................................................................................................. 15 08 Foliar Adaptation........................................................................................................................................ 20
Ramblers........................................................................................................................................................... 15 Container......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Pitcher..................................................................................................................................................................21
SHOOT SYSTEM: LEAVES................................................................................................................. 16 Bear Trap............................................................................................................................................................ 21
01 Leaves...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 09 Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color.................................................................................................... 21
Leaves...................................................................................................................................................................16 Chloroplasts................................................................................................................................................... 21
Parts of a Leaf at Maturity.................................................................................................................. 16
Leaves of different species................................................................................................................16 NUTRIENT TRANSPORT................................................................................................................... 22
Leaf shapes..................................................................................................................................................... 16 01 Mineral Nutrition and Transport..................................................................................................... 22
Compound Leaves..................................................................................................................................... 16 Plant Needs....................................................................................................................................................22
Transpiration.................................................................................................................................................. 17 The Soil.............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Guttation............................................................................................................................................................17 Groundwater Changes Rocks and Soil...................................................................................23
Morning Dew...................................................................................................................................................17 Nutrients Required by Plants for Growth............................................................................. 24
02 Leaf Arrangement and Types...............................................................................................................17 02 Molecular Movement...............................................................................................................................24
Leaf Arrangement....................................................................................................................................... 17 Diffusion...........................................................................................................................................................24
Leaf Venation..................................................................................................................................................17 Osmosis............................................................................................................................................................ 24
03 Leaf Anatomy....................................................................................................................................................17 Active Transport......................................................................................................................................... 25
Regions in a transversely cut typical leaf............................................................................. 17 03 Water and its Movement through the Plant........................................................................25
04 Monocot vs Dicot Leaves....................................................................................................................... 18 General Pathway........................................................................................................................................ 25
Monocot leaves............................................................................................................................................18 Ion displacement......................................................................................................................................25
Eudicot leaves...............................................................................................................................................19 Theories of Water Movement throughout the Plant................................................... 25
05 Ion Movement in Guard Cells.............................................................................................................19 04 Transport of Organic Solutes in Solution............................................................................... 25
Stomata..............................................................................................................................................................19 Xylem and phloem...................................................................................................................................25
06 Senescence and Abscission............................................................................................................... 19 Phloem............................................................................................................................................................... 25
Abscission........................................................................................................................................................19 Aphids.................................................................................................................................................................26
07 Specialized Leaves..................................................................................................................................... 20 Pressure Flow Hypothesis (Phloem).........................................................................................26
Shade Leaves................................................................................................................................................20 05 Regulation of Transpiration............................................................................................................... 26
Leaves of Arid Regions......................................................................................................................... 20 Stomatal Apparatuses......................................................................................................................... 26
Leaves of Aquatic Areas...................................................................................................................... 20 06 Mineral Requirements for Growth................................................................................................26
Bud Scales......................................................................................................................................................20 Essential Elements................................................................................................................................. 26
Bracts..................................................................................................................................................................20 Macronutrients...........................................................................................................................................26
, Micronutrients.............................................................................................................................................27 Taxonomic System.................................................................................................................................. 33
Sub and Super Categories................................................................................................................ 33
GROWTH RESPONSES AND REGULATION OF GROWTH.................................................. 28 Concept of Species..................................................................................................................................33
01 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................................................... 28 Classification Systems........................................................................................................................34
Nutrients..........................................................................................................................................................28 04 Nomenclature................................................................................................................................................ 34
Vitamins...........................................................................................................................................................28 Nomenclature.............................................................................................................................................. 34
Hormones........................................................................................................................................................28 Binomial System.......................................................................................................................................34
Signal Transduction Pathway........................................................................................................ 28 Naming Systems.......................................................................................................................................34
02 Plant Hormones........................................................................................................................................... 28 Way of Naming............................................................................................................................................35
Auxins.................................................................................................................................................................28 Hybrid Names.............................................................................................................................................. 35
Gibberellins (GA)....................................................................................................................................... 29 Taxonomic Characteristics.............................................................................................................. 35
Cytokinins.......................................................................................................................................................29
Abscisic Acid (ABA)................................................................................................................................. 29 PLANT USES - HERBAL MEDICINE............................................................................................. 36
Ethylene............................................................................................................................................................ 30 01 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................36
03 Tropisms.............................................................................................................................................................30 Herbal Product Usage........................................................................................................................... 36
Growth movement — Tropism........................................................................................................30 Medicinal plants....................................................................................................................................... 36
Temperature and Reproduction.....................................................................................................31 02 Phytotherapy...................................................................................................................................................36
04 Turgor Movements.......................................................................................................................................31 Phytotherapy.................................................................................................................................................36
Turgor Movements.................................................................................................................................... 31 History of Phytotherapy.......................................................................................................................36
Turgor Pressure............................................................................................................................................ 31 Technical processes involved in the production of herbal medicines.......36
Sleep Movements (Circadian Rhythm)...................................................................................31 Secondary metabolites........................................................................................................................36
Photoperiodism...........................................................................................................................................31 03 Herbal Medicines........................................................................................................................................ 36
Herbal Medicine.........................................................................................................................................36
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATICS / PLANT TAXONOMY................................................. 32 Herbal Medicine / Botanical Medicine................................................................................... 37
01 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................32 Are herbal medicines safe?.............................................................................................................. 37
02 Systematics.....................................................................................................................................................32 Standardization of Herbal Medicine.........................................................................................37
Systematics.................................................................................................................................................. 32 The Herbal Medicines and the Importance of the Scientific Research......37
Aims of Systematics..............................................................................................................................32
Component fields of systematics..............................................................................................32
03 Taxonomy...........................................................................................................................................................32
Taxonomy.........................................................................................................................................................32
Taxonomic Components.....................................................................................................................32
Principles of Plant Taxonomy......................................................................................................... 32
Importance of Plant Taxonomy.....................................................................................................33
PLANT ROOTS..........................................................................................................................................5 02 Leaf Arrangement.......................................................................................................................................... 11
01 Roots...........................................................................................................................................................................5 Alternate / Alternately Arranged.....................................................................................................11
Roots....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Opposite / Oppositely Arranged......................................................................................................11
Quick differentiation.................................................................................................................................5 Whorled................................................................................................................................................................11
02 Root Structure...................................................................................................................................................5 03 Parts of the Stem........................................................................................................................................... 11
Root cap............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Node........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Region of Cell Division.............................................................................................................................5 Petiole....................................................................................................................................................................11
Region of Elongation.................................................................................................................................5 Buds........................................................................................................................................................................11
Region of Maturation................................................................................................................................6 Leaf Scar..............................................................................................................................................................11
03 Herbaceous and Woody Roots............................................................................................................ 6 Lenticels.............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Herbaceous....................................................................................................................................................... 6 04 Origin and Development of Stems................................................................................................ 12
Herbaceous Dicot Structure............................................................................................................... 6 Apical Meristem.......................................................................................................................................... 12
Herbaceous Monocot Root Structure..........................................................................................7 Traces....................................................................................................................................................................12
Woody Dicot Root Structure................................................................................................................ 7 Vascular Cambium................................................................................................................................... 12
04 Specialized Roots........................................................................................................................................... 7 Second Cambium...................................................................................................................................... 12
Food Storage Roots.....................................................................................................................................7 05 Tissue Patterns in Stems...................................................................................................................... 12
Water Storage Roots.................................................................................................................................. 7 Steles....................................................................................................................................................................12
Propagative Roots....................................................................................................................................... 8 06 Herbaceous and Woody Stems.........................................................................................................13
Pneumatophores..........................................................................................................................................8 Herbaceous Stems....................................................................................................................................13
Aerial Roots.......................................................................................................................................................8 Herbaceous Monocotyledonous Stem.....................................................................................13
Contractile Roots......................................................................................................................................... 8 Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Stems...........................................................................................13
Buttress Roots................................................................................................................................................8 Woody Dicotyledonous Stems........................................................................................................13
Parasitic Roots............................................................................................................................................... 9 Vascular Rays................................................................................................................................................ 13
Mycorrhizae.......................................................................................................................................................9 07 Types of Woody Stems.............................................................................................................................. 14
Root Nodules....................................................................................................................................................9 Heartwood.........................................................................................................................................................14
Others...............................................................................................................................................................................9 Sapwood.............................................................................................................................................................14
Saprophyte.........................................................................................................................................................9 Softwood............................................................................................................................................................14
Epiphyte............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Hardwood.......................................................................................................................................................... 14
Epiparasite........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Bark........................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Myco-heterotroph...................................................................................................................................... 10 08 Special Stems................................................................................................................................................. 15
Rhizomes...........................................................................................................................................................15
SHOOT SYSTEM: STEM...................................................................................................................... 11 Runners and Stolons.............................................................................................................................. 15
01 Stem........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Tuber......................................................................................................................................................................15
, Bulbs..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Fleshy Leaves............................................................................................................................................... 20
Corms................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Succulent Leaves......................................................................................................................................20
Cladophylls / phylloclades or clad-odes................................................................................15 Storage Leaves............................................................................................................................................20
Thorns.................................................................................................................................................................. 15 08 Foliar Adaptation........................................................................................................................................ 20
Ramblers........................................................................................................................................................... 15 Container......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Pitcher..................................................................................................................................................................21
SHOOT SYSTEM: LEAVES................................................................................................................. 16 Bear Trap............................................................................................................................................................ 21
01 Leaves...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 09 Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color.................................................................................................... 21
Leaves...................................................................................................................................................................16 Chloroplasts................................................................................................................................................... 21
Parts of a Leaf at Maturity.................................................................................................................. 16
Leaves of different species................................................................................................................16 NUTRIENT TRANSPORT................................................................................................................... 22
Leaf shapes..................................................................................................................................................... 16 01 Mineral Nutrition and Transport..................................................................................................... 22
Compound Leaves..................................................................................................................................... 16 Plant Needs....................................................................................................................................................22
Transpiration.................................................................................................................................................. 17 The Soil.............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Guttation............................................................................................................................................................17 Groundwater Changes Rocks and Soil...................................................................................23
Morning Dew...................................................................................................................................................17 Nutrients Required by Plants for Growth............................................................................. 24
02 Leaf Arrangement and Types...............................................................................................................17 02 Molecular Movement...............................................................................................................................24
Leaf Arrangement....................................................................................................................................... 17 Diffusion...........................................................................................................................................................24
Leaf Venation..................................................................................................................................................17 Osmosis............................................................................................................................................................ 24
03 Leaf Anatomy....................................................................................................................................................17 Active Transport......................................................................................................................................... 25
Regions in a transversely cut typical leaf............................................................................. 17 03 Water and its Movement through the Plant........................................................................25
04 Monocot vs Dicot Leaves....................................................................................................................... 18 General Pathway........................................................................................................................................ 25
Monocot leaves............................................................................................................................................18 Ion displacement......................................................................................................................................25
Eudicot leaves...............................................................................................................................................19 Theories of Water Movement throughout the Plant................................................... 25
05 Ion Movement in Guard Cells.............................................................................................................19 04 Transport of Organic Solutes in Solution............................................................................... 25
Stomata..............................................................................................................................................................19 Xylem and phloem...................................................................................................................................25
06 Senescence and Abscission............................................................................................................... 19 Phloem............................................................................................................................................................... 25
Abscission........................................................................................................................................................19 Aphids.................................................................................................................................................................26
07 Specialized Leaves..................................................................................................................................... 20 Pressure Flow Hypothesis (Phloem).........................................................................................26
Shade Leaves................................................................................................................................................20 05 Regulation of Transpiration............................................................................................................... 26
Leaves of Arid Regions......................................................................................................................... 20 Stomatal Apparatuses......................................................................................................................... 26
Leaves of Aquatic Areas...................................................................................................................... 20 06 Mineral Requirements for Growth................................................................................................26
Bud Scales......................................................................................................................................................20 Essential Elements................................................................................................................................. 26
Bracts..................................................................................................................................................................20 Macronutrients...........................................................................................................................................26
, Micronutrients.............................................................................................................................................27 Taxonomic System.................................................................................................................................. 33
Sub and Super Categories................................................................................................................ 33
GROWTH RESPONSES AND REGULATION OF GROWTH.................................................. 28 Concept of Species..................................................................................................................................33
01 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................................................... 28 Classification Systems........................................................................................................................34
Nutrients..........................................................................................................................................................28 04 Nomenclature................................................................................................................................................ 34
Vitamins...........................................................................................................................................................28 Nomenclature.............................................................................................................................................. 34
Hormones........................................................................................................................................................28 Binomial System.......................................................................................................................................34
Signal Transduction Pathway........................................................................................................ 28 Naming Systems.......................................................................................................................................34
02 Plant Hormones........................................................................................................................................... 28 Way of Naming............................................................................................................................................35
Auxins.................................................................................................................................................................28 Hybrid Names.............................................................................................................................................. 35
Gibberellins (GA)....................................................................................................................................... 29 Taxonomic Characteristics.............................................................................................................. 35
Cytokinins.......................................................................................................................................................29
Abscisic Acid (ABA)................................................................................................................................. 29 PLANT USES - HERBAL MEDICINE............................................................................................. 36
Ethylene............................................................................................................................................................ 30 01 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................36
03 Tropisms.............................................................................................................................................................30 Herbal Product Usage........................................................................................................................... 36
Growth movement — Tropism........................................................................................................30 Medicinal plants....................................................................................................................................... 36
Temperature and Reproduction.....................................................................................................31 02 Phytotherapy...................................................................................................................................................36
04 Turgor Movements.......................................................................................................................................31 Phytotherapy.................................................................................................................................................36
Turgor Movements.................................................................................................................................... 31 History of Phytotherapy.......................................................................................................................36
Turgor Pressure............................................................................................................................................ 31 Technical processes involved in the production of herbal medicines.......36
Sleep Movements (Circadian Rhythm)...................................................................................31 Secondary metabolites........................................................................................................................36
Photoperiodism...........................................................................................................................................31 03 Herbal Medicines........................................................................................................................................ 36
Herbal Medicine.........................................................................................................................................36
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATICS / PLANT TAXONOMY................................................. 32 Herbal Medicine / Botanical Medicine................................................................................... 37
01 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................32 Are herbal medicines safe?.............................................................................................................. 37
02 Systematics.....................................................................................................................................................32 Standardization of Herbal Medicine.........................................................................................37
Systematics.................................................................................................................................................. 32 The Herbal Medicines and the Importance of the Scientific Research......37
Aims of Systematics..............................................................................................................................32
Component fields of systematics..............................................................................................32
03 Taxonomy...........................................................................................................................................................32
Taxonomy.........................................................................................................................................................32
Taxonomic Components.....................................................................................................................32
Principles of Plant Taxonomy......................................................................................................... 32
Importance of Plant Taxonomy.....................................................................................................33
