NURS 262 - CARDIAC EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
know cardiac cycle and output
cardiac output
the amount of blood your heart is able to pump in one minute
cardiac output determined by
stroke volume x heart rate
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction
normal cardiac output
4-8 L/min or 70 ml/beat
primary functions of blood
- transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells and metabolic wastes from
the tissues for elimination
- regulation of body temperature, pH, fluid volume
- preventing infection and blood loss
contractility
strength of the heart's contraction (shorten) during systole
preload
volume coming into the ventricles
* end diastolic pressure
, when is preload increased
hypervolemia, regurgitation of cardiac values
afterload
resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
*higher afterload = higher cardiac workload
when is afterload increased?
hypertension, vasoconstriction
high afterload =
heart must work harder and increases myocardial O2 demand
frank starling law
The greater the stretch, the stronger is the heart's contraction. This increased
contractility results in an increased volume of blood ejected (Increased SV)
positive inotropes
increase contractility and prolong the refractory period of the AV node
* decreases conduction through SA and AV node; slows heart rate
negative inotropes
decrease contractility and myocardial excitability; decreases ventricular arrhythmias
heart rate
beats/min
venous return
The amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins
factors affecting CV function
hypertension or peripheral vascular disease (non-modifiable or modifiable)
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
know cardiac cycle and output
cardiac output
the amount of blood your heart is able to pump in one minute
cardiac output determined by
stroke volume x heart rate
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction
normal cardiac output
4-8 L/min or 70 ml/beat
primary functions of blood
- transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells and metabolic wastes from
the tissues for elimination
- regulation of body temperature, pH, fluid volume
- preventing infection and blood loss
contractility
strength of the heart's contraction (shorten) during systole
preload
volume coming into the ventricles
* end diastolic pressure
, when is preload increased
hypervolemia, regurgitation of cardiac values
afterload
resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
*higher afterload = higher cardiac workload
when is afterload increased?
hypertension, vasoconstriction
high afterload =
heart must work harder and increases myocardial O2 demand
frank starling law
The greater the stretch, the stronger is the heart's contraction. This increased
contractility results in an increased volume of blood ejected (Increased SV)
positive inotropes
increase contractility and prolong the refractory period of the AV node
* decreases conduction through SA and AV node; slows heart rate
negative inotropes
decrease contractility and myocardial excitability; decreases ventricular arrhythmias
heart rate
beats/min
venous return
The amount of blood returned to the heart by the veins
factors affecting CV function
hypertension or peripheral vascular disease (non-modifiable or modifiable)
