1
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR n n
American Government Political Development and Institutional Change By
n n n n n n n
Cal Jillson
n n
n Chapter 1-21 n
Chapter 1 n
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
n n n n n
FOCUS nQUESTIONS
Q1 Whatnarenthenbroadnpurposesnofngovernment?
A1
Thenancientsnbelievednthenrolenofngovernmentnandnpoliticsnwasntonfoster nhu
mannexcellence.nHowever,nitnisnimperativentonremember nthatnthenGreeksnandnRo
mansnbelievednthenvirtuousnshouldnrulenaccording ntonnaturalnlaw.nFurthermore,n
valuesnofnequalitynandnorder nwouldnbenservednthroughnansocietynbasednuponnthen
rulenofnlawntonprovidenfor nthencommonngood.nInnthenMiddlenAges,ngovernmentnw
asnlargelynusedntonfacilitatenreligionnandnmaintainednthenneednfor nthenindividualnt
onlivenanproper nlifeninnthenservicenofnGod.nThenrolenofngovernmentnchangedninnthe
n earlyn sixteenthn centuryn byn downplaying n then rolen ofn religionn whilen alternativelyn
promoting nthenrolenofnlimitedngovernmentntonprotectnprivatenpropertynandnindiv
idualnrights.
Q2 Hownshouldngovernmentnbendesignedntonachieve nitsnpurposes?
A2 According ntonPlatonthenphilosopher-
king’snwisdomnandnintellectnwouldnpromotenorder,nstabilitynandnjustice.nYet,nArist
otlentakesnanmorenrealisticnviewnofnAtheniannsocietynbynadvocating nthenbestnformn
ofngovernmentnasnanpolity,nwhichncombinednoligarchicnandndemocraticnelementsn
tonproducenpoliticalnstability.nThenRomansncombinednmonarchical,naristocratic,na
ndndemocraticnprinciplesnasnanmixedngovernmentnwithinnrepresentativenbodiesnli
kenthenSenatenandnthenAssemblyninnorder ntonchampionnthencausesnofnbothnthenric
hnandnthenpoor.nGovernmentninnthenMiddlenAgesnwasndeterminednthroughndivine
n right,n wherebyn a n monarchn or n Popen wasn ordainedn byn Godn ton rule.nHence,n wisdom
n andn virtuen restedn withinn thesen fewn individualsn whon governedn ton promoten religio
usnlifenandnprotectnthenreligiousnestablishment.nThenRenaissance,nProtestantnRef
ormation,nandnEnlightenmentnPeriodsnshiftednthenrolenofngovernmentnfromnuph
olding nreligiousndoctrinentonsecular nconcerns,nsuchnasnprotecting ninalienablenrigh
ts,nincluding nprivatenproperty,nandnpromoting ncommerce.nInnturn,nEnlightenmen
tnpolitical
© n2023nTaylorn&nFrancis
, 2
philosophersnlargelynappealedntonindividualismnandnnotnreligiousnhierarchynasnan
meansntonprovidenorder nandnstabilityninnwhichnindividualsncouldnflourish.
Q3
WhatnlessonsnaboutngovernmentndidncolonialnAmericansndrawnfromnthenhistor
ynofnancientnGreece nandnRome?
A3
Platonwasnsuspiciousnofndemocracy’snrulenofnthenmanynbecausengoodngovernm
entnwouldndecaynintonmobnrule.nHence,nthenpassionsnofnthenmassesnneededntonben
quellednbynmorenaristocraticnelements.nWithnthisnproblemninnmind,nthenFramersnofn
thenU.S.nConstitutionnreferencedntheninstitutional ndesignnofnthenRomannrepublicna
dheredntonthentraditionnofnmixedngovernmentninitiallynexpoundednbynAristotlenand
n then Romans.n Thisn wasn maintainedn inn then indirectn selectionn ofnbothn then Senaten and
n then presidencyn withinn then Constitution.n Aristotlen alson advocatedn mixing n aristocra
ticnandndemocraticnelementsninnangoverning nstructurencallednanpolity.nInneffect,nthi
sngovernmentalndesignnallowednthenfewnandnthenmanyntonparticipateninnthenpolitic
snproviding nannorderlynsocietynwherenthenpoornshouldnbenablentonselectngovernme
ntnofficialsnwhonwerenheldnaccountable.nThisnwasnalsonmadenmanifestninnthenConsti
tutionnwithnitsnaristocratic-
likenSenatenandnthenmorendemocraticnHousenofnRepresentatives.nThusnthenAmeric
annrepublic’snConstitutionnestablishedninstitutional npowersntongovernnaccording nto
n then rulen ofn law.n Whilen then Framersnrejectedn then religiousn hierarchyn ofn then Middlen
Ages,ntheynappealedntoninalienablenrightsnendowednuponneverynindividualnbynGod,
n per n then writingsn ofn Johnn Locke,n inn whichn a n justn governmentn andn societyn couldn notn
benimpeded.
Q4 WhatncircumstancesnlednEuropeansntonleaventheir nhomelandsntonsettleninnAmerica?
A4
Individualsnimmigratedntonthencoloniesntonescapenreligiousnpersecutionnandnci
vilnunrestnafter nthenEnglishnCivilnWarnandntonpursuensocialnandneconomicnopportun
ities.nColonistsnenjoyednanvastnarraynofnnaturalnresourcesnandnanlargengeographical
n area n wheren freedom n ofn religionn andn economic n opportunityn flourished.n Also,n thei
rnheterogeneousnsocialncompositionnasnwellnasncontinualnpromotionnofnideals,nsuc
hnasnequalitynandntolerance,ntendedntonpromotenpoliticalnfreedomnatnthensamenti
menthatnsocialnexpansionnofnthenpopulationnwasnoccurring.
Q5 Whatndidndemocracynmeanntonour ncolonialnancestors,nandndidntheynapprovenit?
A5
Thencolonistsnwerenskepticalnofndemocracynandnviewednthisntypenofngovernin
gnauthoritynasnmobnrule.nSocietynwasnlargelynseennasnsegmentednintonthosenwhon
shouldnrulenandnthosenwhonshouldnnot.nInnfact,nthenFoundersnbelievednthatnthenel
iten(well-
© n2023nTaylorn&nFrancis
, 3
educated,nlandnowners)nshouldnoccupynpositionsnofnleadership.nThus,nannaristocr
aticnelementnwithinngovernmentnwasnnecessaryntonprotectnagainstnthenthreatnofn
mobnrulenhistoricallynassociatednwithndemocracy.nFundamentally,nthenideanofnre
publicanismnwasnpromotednasnannidealnatnanhigher nlevelnthanndemocracy.nThisnw
asnmadenmostnmanifestninnthentendencyntonprefer nmixed
© n2023nTaylorn&nFrancis
, 4
constitutional nschemesnovernsingle-
bodynregimes,nsuchnasnmonarchies,naristocracies,nandndemocracies.nItnwasninnthis
n respectn thatn our n colonial n ancestorsn weren bothn innovativen andn critical n ofn extantng
overnmentalnformsnyetnsimultaneouslynweddedntonthenpast,nespeciallynthenGrec
o-RomannAncients.
CHAPTERnOUTLINE
I. AnTradition ntonDrawnFrom
HistorynandnexperiencenprovidednlessonsnuponnwhichnthenFoundersnreferencedninndesig
ning nAmericannpolitical ninstitutions.
A. ThenAncients:nWhonRulesnandnfornWhatnPurpose?
ThenphilosophynofnPlatonandnAristotlenwasnconcernednwithnstructuring nansoci
ety,nknownnasnancity-
state,nandnbasednuponnhumannnature:nSpeechnandnreasonnasnthenfundament
alncharacteristicsnofnhumans.nThus,nthenpolitical ncommunitynornpolisnisndesign
ednaccording ntonthenvirtuesnandnabilitiesnofnitsninhabitants.
1. ThenGreeks:nMonarchy,nAristocracy,nDemocracy
a. According ntonAristotle,nthenpurposenofnpoliticsnisntoncreatenannordern
thatnfostersnhumannexcellence.nPlato’snleader nwasnthenphilosopher n
king.nSincenPlatondoubtednthenrealitynofnthisnking,nhenconcludedntha
tngoodngovernmentnwouldnbenuncommonnandnshortnlived.n Platona
ndnparticularlynAristotlenidentifiednthreenformsnofngovernment:
1) Monarchy—rulenbynonenleader
2) Aristocracy—rulenbynanfewngoodnmen
3) Democracy—rulenbynthenmany
b. Aristotlenalsontheorizednthatngovernmentsnwouldndecay.nThus,nmo
narchyndecaysnintontyrannynthroughndespoticnactionsnofnansinglenrul
er.nSecond,naristocracyndecaysnintonoligarchynwherebynthenfewnrule
n ton advancen their n self-
interestsncontraryntonthencommonngood.nFinally,ndemocracyndecay
snintonmobnrulenasnthenmassesnrulenaccording ntontheir npassions.
c. Aristotle’snadditional ncontribution:nPolitical norder nbasednonnreality
1) Aristotle’sncontributionnwasnpragmaticnbynaddressing nthen
needsnofnthenwealthynandnthenmassesnwithinnansocietynton
formnanmixedngovernment.
2) Henbelievednthatnoligarchynandndemocracynarenthenmostnc
ommonnregimes.nTherefore,nthenbestnelementsnofneachnm
ightnbencombinednandnmadenintonangood,nworkable,nandnst
ablengovernment.nHencallednthisnformn“polity.”
2. ThenRomans:nRepublicanismnandnMixednGovernment
a. ThenRomans,nnotablynPolybiusnandnCicero,nbelievednthatngovern
ment’sninstitutional nstructurenshouldnarbitratenpowernbetweennri
chnandnpoor.nAccordingly,nthisnorder nwasnanrepublicnor
© n2023nTaylorn&nFrancis
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR n n
American Government Political Development and Institutional Change By
n n n n n n n
Cal Jillson
n n
n Chapter 1-21 n
Chapter 1 n
THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
n n n n n
FOCUS nQUESTIONS
Q1 Whatnarenthenbroadnpurposesnofngovernment?
A1
Thenancientsnbelievednthenrolenofngovernmentnandnpoliticsnwasntonfoster nhu
mannexcellence.nHowever,nitnisnimperativentonremember nthatnthenGreeksnandnRo
mansnbelievednthenvirtuousnshouldnrulenaccording ntonnaturalnlaw.nFurthermore,n
valuesnofnequalitynandnorder nwouldnbenservednthroughnansocietynbasednuponnthen
rulenofnlawntonprovidenfor nthencommonngood.nInnthenMiddlenAges,ngovernmentnw
asnlargelynusedntonfacilitatenreligionnandnmaintainednthenneednfor nthenindividualnt
onlivenanproper nlifeninnthenservicenofnGod.nThenrolenofngovernmentnchangedninnthe
n earlyn sixteenthn centuryn byn downplaying n then rolen ofn religionn whilen alternativelyn
promoting nthenrolenofnlimitedngovernmentntonprotectnprivatenpropertynandnindiv
idualnrights.
Q2 Hownshouldngovernmentnbendesignedntonachieve nitsnpurposes?
A2 According ntonPlatonthenphilosopher-
king’snwisdomnandnintellectnwouldnpromotenorder,nstabilitynandnjustice.nYet,nArist
otlentakesnanmorenrealisticnviewnofnAtheniannsocietynbynadvocating nthenbestnformn
ofngovernmentnasnanpolity,nwhichncombinednoligarchicnandndemocraticnelementsn
tonproducenpoliticalnstability.nThenRomansncombinednmonarchical,naristocratic,na
ndndemocraticnprinciplesnasnanmixedngovernmentnwithinnrepresentativenbodiesnli
kenthenSenatenandnthenAssemblyninnorder ntonchampionnthencausesnofnbothnthenric
hnandnthenpoor.nGovernmentninnthenMiddlenAgesnwasndeterminednthroughndivine
n right,n wherebyn a n monarchn or n Popen wasn ordainedn byn Godn ton rule.nHence,n wisdom
n andn virtuen restedn withinn thesen fewn individualsn whon governedn ton promoten religio
usnlifenandnprotectnthenreligiousnestablishment.nThenRenaissance,nProtestantnRef
ormation,nandnEnlightenmentnPeriodsnshiftednthenrolenofngovernmentnfromnuph
olding nreligiousndoctrinentonsecular nconcerns,nsuchnasnprotecting ninalienablenrigh
ts,nincluding nprivatenproperty,nandnpromoting ncommerce.nInnturn,nEnlightenmen
tnpolitical
© n2023nTaylorn&nFrancis
, 2
philosophersnlargelynappealedntonindividualismnandnnotnreligiousnhierarchynasnan
meansntonprovidenorder nandnstabilityninnwhichnindividualsncouldnflourish.
Q3
WhatnlessonsnaboutngovernmentndidncolonialnAmericansndrawnfromnthenhistor
ynofnancientnGreece nandnRome?
A3
Platonwasnsuspiciousnofndemocracy’snrulenofnthenmanynbecausengoodngovernm
entnwouldndecaynintonmobnrule.nHence,nthenpassionsnofnthenmassesnneededntonben
quellednbynmorenaristocraticnelements.nWithnthisnproblemninnmind,nthenFramersnofn
thenU.S.nConstitutionnreferencedntheninstitutional ndesignnofnthenRomannrepublicna
dheredntonthentraditionnofnmixedngovernmentninitiallynexpoundednbynAristotlenand
n then Romans.n Thisn wasn maintainedn inn then indirectn selectionn ofnbothn then Senaten and
n then presidencyn withinn then Constitution.n Aristotlen alson advocatedn mixing n aristocra
ticnandndemocraticnelementsninnangoverning nstructurencallednanpolity.nInneffect,nthi
sngovernmentalndesignnallowednthenfewnandnthenmanyntonparticipateninnthenpolitic
snproviding nannorderlynsocietynwherenthenpoornshouldnbenablentonselectngovernme
ntnofficialsnwhonwerenheldnaccountable.nThisnwasnalsonmadenmanifestninnthenConsti
tutionnwithnitsnaristocratic-
likenSenatenandnthenmorendemocraticnHousenofnRepresentatives.nThusnthenAmeric
annrepublic’snConstitutionnestablishedninstitutional npowersntongovernnaccording nto
n then rulen ofn law.n Whilen then Framersnrejectedn then religiousn hierarchyn ofn then Middlen
Ages,ntheynappealedntoninalienablenrightsnendowednuponneverynindividualnbynGod,
n per n then writingsn ofn Johnn Locke,n inn whichn a n justn governmentn andn societyn couldn notn
benimpeded.
Q4 WhatncircumstancesnlednEuropeansntonleaventheir nhomelandsntonsettleninnAmerica?
A4
Individualsnimmigratedntonthencoloniesntonescapenreligiousnpersecutionnandnci
vilnunrestnafter nthenEnglishnCivilnWarnandntonpursuensocialnandneconomicnopportun
ities.nColonistsnenjoyednanvastnarraynofnnaturalnresourcesnandnanlargengeographical
n area n wheren freedom n ofn religionn andn economic n opportunityn flourished.n Also,n thei
rnheterogeneousnsocialncompositionnasnwellnasncontinualnpromotionnofnideals,nsuc
hnasnequalitynandntolerance,ntendedntonpromotenpoliticalnfreedomnatnthensamenti
menthatnsocialnexpansionnofnthenpopulationnwasnoccurring.
Q5 Whatndidndemocracynmeanntonour ncolonialnancestors,nandndidntheynapprovenit?
A5
Thencolonistsnwerenskepticalnofndemocracynandnviewednthisntypenofngovernin
gnauthoritynasnmobnrule.nSocietynwasnlargelynseennasnsegmentednintonthosenwhon
shouldnrulenandnthosenwhonshouldnnot.nInnfact,nthenFoundersnbelievednthatnthenel
iten(well-
© n2023nTaylorn&nFrancis
, 3
educated,nlandnowners)nshouldnoccupynpositionsnofnleadership.nThus,nannaristocr
aticnelementnwithinngovernmentnwasnnecessaryntonprotectnagainstnthenthreatnofn
mobnrulenhistoricallynassociatednwithndemocracy.nFundamentally,nthenideanofnre
publicanismnwasnpromotednasnannidealnatnanhigher nlevelnthanndemocracy.nThisnw
asnmadenmostnmanifestninnthentendencyntonprefer nmixed
© n2023nTaylorn&nFrancis
, 4
constitutional nschemesnovernsingle-
bodynregimes,nsuchnasnmonarchies,naristocracies,nandndemocracies.nItnwasninnthis
n respectn thatn our n colonial n ancestorsn weren bothn innovativen andn critical n ofn extantng
overnmentalnformsnyetnsimultaneouslynweddedntonthenpast,nespeciallynthenGrec
o-RomannAncients.
CHAPTERnOUTLINE
I. AnTradition ntonDrawnFrom
HistorynandnexperiencenprovidednlessonsnuponnwhichnthenFoundersnreferencedninndesig
ning nAmericannpolitical ninstitutions.
A. ThenAncients:nWhonRulesnandnfornWhatnPurpose?
ThenphilosophynofnPlatonandnAristotlenwasnconcernednwithnstructuring nansoci
ety,nknownnasnancity-
state,nandnbasednuponnhumannnature:nSpeechnandnreasonnasnthenfundament
alncharacteristicsnofnhumans.nThus,nthenpolitical ncommunitynornpolisnisndesign
ednaccording ntonthenvirtuesnandnabilitiesnofnitsninhabitants.
1. ThenGreeks:nMonarchy,nAristocracy,nDemocracy
a. According ntonAristotle,nthenpurposenofnpoliticsnisntoncreatenannordern
thatnfostersnhumannexcellence.nPlato’snleader nwasnthenphilosopher n
king.nSincenPlatondoubtednthenrealitynofnthisnking,nhenconcludedntha
tngoodngovernmentnwouldnbenuncommonnandnshortnlived.n Platona
ndnparticularlynAristotlenidentifiednthreenformsnofngovernment:
1) Monarchy—rulenbynonenleader
2) Aristocracy—rulenbynanfewngoodnmen
3) Democracy—rulenbynthenmany
b. Aristotlenalsontheorizednthatngovernmentsnwouldndecay.nThus,nmo
narchyndecaysnintontyrannynthroughndespoticnactionsnofnansinglenrul
er.nSecond,naristocracyndecaysnintonoligarchynwherebynthenfewnrule
n ton advancen their n self-
interestsncontraryntonthencommonngood.nFinally,ndemocracyndecay
snintonmobnrulenasnthenmassesnrulenaccording ntontheir npassions.
c. Aristotle’snadditional ncontribution:nPolitical norder nbasednonnreality
1) Aristotle’sncontributionnwasnpragmaticnbynaddressing nthen
needsnofnthenwealthynandnthenmassesnwithinnansocietynton
formnanmixedngovernment.
2) Henbelievednthatnoligarchynandndemocracynarenthenmostnc
ommonnregimes.nTherefore,nthenbestnelementsnofneachnm
ightnbencombinednandnmadenintonangood,nworkable,nandnst
ablengovernment.nHencallednthisnformn“polity.”
2. ThenRomans:nRepublicanismnandnMixednGovernment
a. ThenRomans,nnotablynPolybiusnandnCicero,nbelievednthatngovern
ment’sninstitutional nstructurenshouldnarbitratenpowernbetweennri
chnandnpoor.nAccordingly,nthisnorder nwasnanrepublicnor
© n2023nTaylorn&nFrancis
