Genetic Mutation Exam Questions All Solved New Update

Genetic Mutation Exam Questions All Solved New Update Genetic Mutation - Answers - any alteration of the DNA sequence of an organisms genome Mutations can be ? - Answers - inherited or acquired throughout life Mutations passed to offspring are called? - Answers - Germ-line Mutations -occur in germ cells (give rise to gametes) Non-inherited mutations are called ? - Answers - Somatic Mutations -occur in somatic (non-gametic) cells -not passed onto offspring Somatic mutations have major affects on who? - Answers - an individual but will not be passed on to future people in the population 3 ways mutations can happen - Answers - environmental chemical spontaneous Mutagen - Answers - any compound that can cause mutations Physical Mutagens - Answers - Ionizing Radiation UV light Ionizing radiation - Answers - X-ray, alpha particles, gamma rays cause DNA breaks -if 1 strand, can be patched up -if both strands = double strand break (DSB) UV light - Answers - causes photochemical damage to DNA -Pyrimidine Dimers -- 2 C's or 2 T's could become covalently linked forming an outward bubble thing which is a distortion of the DNA backbone Consequence of Pyrimidine Dimers if not fixed - Answers - causes mutations during DNA replication Reactive chemicals - Answers - interact directly w/ DNA chemicals can covalently alter bases or cause cross-linking or strand breaks cross-links - Answers - abnormal/covalent bonds between different parts of DNA Example of reactive chemical mutation - Answers - intercalating compounds that look like purines/pyrimidines (large, flat aromatic ring structures) insert themselves between base pairs & cause errors in DNA replication Example of Intercalating mutation - Answers - Ethidium Bromide used in gel electrophoresis because it allows visualization of nucleic acids--but it intercalates, distorts structure and disrupts DNA replication & transcription Biologic Agents (mutations) - Answers - DNA polymerase --has proofreading abilities but can make mistakes Virus --lysogenic viruses insert into genome of host transposons If DNA polymerase makes a mistake and incorrectly proofreads, what type of mutation is this - Answers - spontaneous (no mutagen present) 7 Types of mutations - Answers - 1. Point Mutation 2. Insertions 3. Deletions 4. Inversions 5. Amplifications 6. Translocations & Rearrangements 7. Loss of Heterozygosity Point Mutations - Answers - single base pair substitutions (ex: A in place of G) can be transitions or transversions 3 types of point mutations transition point mutation - Answers - substitute pyrimidine for another pyrimidine or purine for purine transversion point mutation - Answers - substitution of purine for pyrimidine or vice versa 3 types of point mutations - Answers - 1. Missense 2. Nonsense 3. Silent Missense mutation - Answers - causes 1 AA to be replaced with a different AA might not be serious if AA are similar (point mutation)