HPEB 502 Exam 2
Simple sugars - ANS-contain only one or two sugar units; include monosaccharides and
disaccharides
Complex sugars - ANS-may contain 1000 or more glucose units; polysaccharides
- chiefly found in grains, veggies and fruits
Most common monosaccharides - ANS-1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
Glucose - ANS-- main monosaccharide in the body
- called blood sugar in bloodstream
- breakdown of starches and sucrose
- source of fuel for cells
Fructose - ANS-- fruit sugar
- in fruit, honey, and high fructose corn syrup
- converted into glucose in the *liver*
Galactose - ANS-- found in lactose
- milk/dairy products
- converted into glucose in the *liver*
Most common disasscharides - ANS-1. Sucrose
2. Lactose
3. Maltose
Sucrose - ANS-Glucose + fructose
- sugar (table sugar)
Lactose - ANS-Glucose + galactose
- milk products
Maltose - ANS-Glucose + Glucose
- fermentation
- alcohol production
In what form do humans store glucose? Why is this an ideal storage form? - ANS-- as glycogen
, - idea because it has more sites for enzyme production
- found in liver and muscles
What is the structure of glyocgen - ANS-similar to amylopection
What is the functional difference between fiber and starches? - ANS-- fiber is juts undigested
starch
- the body cannot break the bonds of fiber
- this prevents the small intestine from absorbing sugars that make up various fibers
What is the adequate intake (AI) recommended for fiber? - ANS-25-38 g/day (14 g/1000
kcal/day)
Understand the digestion pathway for carbs: ____ is the start of digestion; this soften the fibrous
tissues and makes it easier to chew - ANS-cooking
Mouth - ANS-some starch is broken down to maltose by salivary amylase
Stomach - ANS-salivary amylase is inactivated by strong stomach acid; *no further digestion
occurs in the stomach*
Pancreas - ANS-enzymes from pancreas are secreted into small intestine to break down starch
into maltose
small intestine - ANS-enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down disaccharides into
monosaccharides
Absorption - ANS-absorption of monosaccharides takes place in small intestine and it taken to
liver via portal vein
Large intestine - ANS-viscous fiber is fermented into various acids and gases by bacteria in the
large intestine
Rectum and Anus - ANS-nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces, but
little other dietary carbohydrates remain
Lactose maldigestion - ANS-Lactose intolerance: reduction of lactase production
- lactose is undigested and not absorbed
- lactose becomes metabolized by large intestinal bacteria
- causes gas, bloating, cramping, discomfort
- begins around age 2 after ending consumption of mothers milk
Lactose intolerance - ANS-- severe/significant symptoms develop after lactose intake
- extremely common in Asians, Hispanics, Native Americans, Mediterranean, African Americans
Simple sugars - ANS-contain only one or two sugar units; include monosaccharides and
disaccharides
Complex sugars - ANS-may contain 1000 or more glucose units; polysaccharides
- chiefly found in grains, veggies and fruits
Most common monosaccharides - ANS-1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
Glucose - ANS-- main monosaccharide in the body
- called blood sugar in bloodstream
- breakdown of starches and sucrose
- source of fuel for cells
Fructose - ANS-- fruit sugar
- in fruit, honey, and high fructose corn syrup
- converted into glucose in the *liver*
Galactose - ANS-- found in lactose
- milk/dairy products
- converted into glucose in the *liver*
Most common disasscharides - ANS-1. Sucrose
2. Lactose
3. Maltose
Sucrose - ANS-Glucose + fructose
- sugar (table sugar)
Lactose - ANS-Glucose + galactose
- milk products
Maltose - ANS-Glucose + Glucose
- fermentation
- alcohol production
In what form do humans store glucose? Why is this an ideal storage form? - ANS-- as glycogen
, - idea because it has more sites for enzyme production
- found in liver and muscles
What is the structure of glyocgen - ANS-similar to amylopection
What is the functional difference between fiber and starches? - ANS-- fiber is juts undigested
starch
- the body cannot break the bonds of fiber
- this prevents the small intestine from absorbing sugars that make up various fibers
What is the adequate intake (AI) recommended for fiber? - ANS-25-38 g/day (14 g/1000
kcal/day)
Understand the digestion pathway for carbs: ____ is the start of digestion; this soften the fibrous
tissues and makes it easier to chew - ANS-cooking
Mouth - ANS-some starch is broken down to maltose by salivary amylase
Stomach - ANS-salivary amylase is inactivated by strong stomach acid; *no further digestion
occurs in the stomach*
Pancreas - ANS-enzymes from pancreas are secreted into small intestine to break down starch
into maltose
small intestine - ANS-enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down disaccharides into
monosaccharides
Absorption - ANS-absorption of monosaccharides takes place in small intestine and it taken to
liver via portal vein
Large intestine - ANS-viscous fiber is fermented into various acids and gases by bacteria in the
large intestine
Rectum and Anus - ANS-nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces, but
little other dietary carbohydrates remain
Lactose maldigestion - ANS-Lactose intolerance: reduction of lactase production
- lactose is undigested and not absorbed
- lactose becomes metabolized by large intestinal bacteria
- causes gas, bloating, cramping, discomfort
- begins around age 2 after ending consumption of mothers milk
Lactose intolerance - ANS-- severe/significant symptoms develop after lactose intake
- extremely common in Asians, Hispanics, Native Americans, Mediterranean, African Americans
