HPEB 502 Final Exam
What's the normal duration of pregnancy for a healthy mother? - ANS-9 months, 3 trimesters,
38-40 weeks
Know the impact of nutrition in the first trimester of pregnancy on the fetus - ANS-• 13-14
weeks; rapid increase in cell # and size
• 50% pregnancies miscarry here
• nutritional deficiency/toxicity can be harmful, medication, radiation, trauma
During which trimesters does the mothers kcal needs increase? What are kcal needs? -
ANS--1st trimester: balanced diet,
-2nd and
-3rd trimester: 350-450 extra kcal per day
Know that in general all mineral needs increase during pregnancy, but excess sodium should... -
ANS-not be consumed
What is the name of the organ that nourishes the fetus? - ANS-The placenta
Know how much weight a pregnant woman should gain during the second and third trimesters -
ANS-about 1 pound per week
Impact of obesity on fetal and infant growth/ development - ANS-Increased risk for birth defects
(neural tube defects) and heart defects. Babies are larger.
Impact of being underweight on fetal and infant growth/ development - ANS-Maternal
underweight is associated with outcomes that lead to:
-neonatal mortality
-low birthweight
-preterm delivery
Effects of obesity on Mom - ANS--More likely to need labor induced
-May need C-section
-More post-partum hypertension, infections, & gestational diabetes
Effects of Malnutrition (lack of sufficient nutrients in the body/unbalanced and unhealthy diet): -
ANS--Nervous system defects of the embryo
-Child's poor dental health
-Adolescent's & adult's vulnerability to infection
, -Higher risk of diabetes, hypertension, stroke, or heart disease
Advantages of breast feeding over formula feeding - ANS--For infant: lower risk for SIDS,
infectious diseases, enhanced immune response, reduced post neonatal infant mortality,
enhanced cognitive development, may enhance learning/speech development
-For mother: decreased postpartum bleeding, earlier return to pregnancy weight, reduced
cancer risk
Know the vitamins and minerals which have increased requirements during pregnancy, their
sources and why they are important for pregnancy - ANS-1. Iron- deficiencies lead to preterm
delivery, low birth weight, lower intelligence scores, and delayed language and gross motor
skills.
Sources:
• Beans, including pinto, kidney, soybeans, and lentils.
• Dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach.
• Fortified breakfast cereals.
• Enriched rice.
• Whole-grain and enriched breads.
2. Folate- Helps prevent birth defects: neural tube, heart, cleft lip, limb defects, urinary defects.
Sources:
Fruits and dark green veggies, products that are fortified with folic acid
3. Choline- important for Important for: Fetal brain growth, Intellectual development. Sources:
-Beef, pork chop, lamb, ham, turkey, salmon, baked beans, navy beans, milk.
4. Vitamin A - helps prevent malformations in the lungs, urinary tract and heart.
5. Vitamin D- helps support fetal growth, immune regulation, and the addition of calcium to bone
tooth and enamel formation. Sources: Sunlight.
6. Calcium- needed for fetal skeletal mineralization, maintenance of maternal bone health.
Sources: dark veggies, white beans, fish, oatmeal, orange juice, almonds, milk
7. Zinc - assists with enzyme functioning and protein synthesis, prevents preterm and low birth
weights. Sources: Oysters contain more zinc per serving than any other food, but red meat and
poultry provide the majority of zinc in the American diet. Other good food sources include
beans, nuts, certain types of seafood, whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, and dairy
products
8. Iodine- helps prevent birth defects in: neural tube, heart, cleft lip, limb defects, urinary
defects. Sources: iodized salt
What foods are a good sources of folate? - ANS-Fruits and dark green veggies, products that
are fortified with folic acid
During what trimester is the baby's heartbeat first audible and arms, hands, fingers, legs and
toes are fully formed - ANS-First trimester
Know the benefits of exercise during pregnancy. - ANS-o Prevents excessive weight gain
What's the normal duration of pregnancy for a healthy mother? - ANS-9 months, 3 trimesters,
38-40 weeks
Know the impact of nutrition in the first trimester of pregnancy on the fetus - ANS-• 13-14
weeks; rapid increase in cell # and size
• 50% pregnancies miscarry here
• nutritional deficiency/toxicity can be harmful, medication, radiation, trauma
During which trimesters does the mothers kcal needs increase? What are kcal needs? -
ANS--1st trimester: balanced diet,
-2nd and
-3rd trimester: 350-450 extra kcal per day
Know that in general all mineral needs increase during pregnancy, but excess sodium should... -
ANS-not be consumed
What is the name of the organ that nourishes the fetus? - ANS-The placenta
Know how much weight a pregnant woman should gain during the second and third trimesters -
ANS-about 1 pound per week
Impact of obesity on fetal and infant growth/ development - ANS-Increased risk for birth defects
(neural tube defects) and heart defects. Babies are larger.
Impact of being underweight on fetal and infant growth/ development - ANS-Maternal
underweight is associated with outcomes that lead to:
-neonatal mortality
-low birthweight
-preterm delivery
Effects of obesity on Mom - ANS--More likely to need labor induced
-May need C-section
-More post-partum hypertension, infections, & gestational diabetes
Effects of Malnutrition (lack of sufficient nutrients in the body/unbalanced and unhealthy diet): -
ANS--Nervous system defects of the embryo
-Child's poor dental health
-Adolescent's & adult's vulnerability to infection
, -Higher risk of diabetes, hypertension, stroke, or heart disease
Advantages of breast feeding over formula feeding - ANS--For infant: lower risk for SIDS,
infectious diseases, enhanced immune response, reduced post neonatal infant mortality,
enhanced cognitive development, may enhance learning/speech development
-For mother: decreased postpartum bleeding, earlier return to pregnancy weight, reduced
cancer risk
Know the vitamins and minerals which have increased requirements during pregnancy, their
sources and why they are important for pregnancy - ANS-1. Iron- deficiencies lead to preterm
delivery, low birth weight, lower intelligence scores, and delayed language and gross motor
skills.
Sources:
• Beans, including pinto, kidney, soybeans, and lentils.
• Dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach.
• Fortified breakfast cereals.
• Enriched rice.
• Whole-grain and enriched breads.
2. Folate- Helps prevent birth defects: neural tube, heart, cleft lip, limb defects, urinary defects.
Sources:
Fruits and dark green veggies, products that are fortified with folic acid
3. Choline- important for Important for: Fetal brain growth, Intellectual development. Sources:
-Beef, pork chop, lamb, ham, turkey, salmon, baked beans, navy beans, milk.
4. Vitamin A - helps prevent malformations in the lungs, urinary tract and heart.
5. Vitamin D- helps support fetal growth, immune regulation, and the addition of calcium to bone
tooth and enamel formation. Sources: Sunlight.
6. Calcium- needed for fetal skeletal mineralization, maintenance of maternal bone health.
Sources: dark veggies, white beans, fish, oatmeal, orange juice, almonds, milk
7. Zinc - assists with enzyme functioning and protein synthesis, prevents preterm and low birth
weights. Sources: Oysters contain more zinc per serving than any other food, but red meat and
poultry provide the majority of zinc in the American diet. Other good food sources include
beans, nuts, certain types of seafood, whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, and dairy
products
8. Iodine- helps prevent birth defects in: neural tube, heart, cleft lip, limb defects, urinary
defects. Sources: iodized salt
What foods are a good sources of folate? - ANS-Fruits and dark green veggies, products that
are fortified with folic acid
During what trimester is the baby's heartbeat first audible and arms, hands, fingers, legs and
toes are fully formed - ANS-First trimester
Know the benefits of exercise during pregnancy. - ANS-o Prevents excessive weight gain
