NURSING 502: Exam 1
What is the increase in the number of cells? - ANS-Hyperplasia
If there is an increase in workload, what does this do to the cells? - ANS-Hypertrophy; increase
in cell size due to increased workload
What is the deranged cell growth with varied size, shape, or organization? - ANS-Dysplasia
On a pap smear, what is usually looked for? - ANS-Cervical Dysplasia; Can return to normal or
lead to cancer.
What is the change from one cell type to another? - ANS-Metaplasia
Smoking changes cells in the airway. This is an example of___________ . Changing this habit
can reverse the effect to some degree. True or False? - ANS-Metaplasia; True
Allows stressed tissue to survive or maintain function. - ANS-Adaptation
Name two types of Abnormal Cellular Adaptation. - ANS-Metaplasia and Dysplasia
Allows stressed tissue to survive or maintain function is what? - ANS-Cellular Adaptation
Atrophy is defined as: - ANS-Smaller size in cells
Decrease in cell size for lower and more efficient level of function: - ANS-Atrophy
Pathological change that occurs in cardiomyocytes due to chronic hypertension -
ANS-hypertrophy; decrease the function of the heart
Physiological change resulting from decreased estrogen signaling (Menopause) - ANS-Atrophy
Malnutrition; the decreased blood flow leads to insufficient nutrients is atrophy, differentiated
how? - ANS-Pathological
Pathologic changes in airway epithelial cells due to smoking - ANS-metaplasia
Compensatory change due to loss of kidney - ANS-Hypertrophy; increase in nephron size
Physiological change due to hormonal signaling in pregnancy - ANS-Hyperplasia
,Hyperplasia in the prostate, endometrium, and gums are normal. True or False? - ANS-False; it
is abnormal
All of the following can cause cell injuries:
Physical, radiation, chemical, biologic agents, nutritional imbalances, pathologic calcification....
True or false? - ANS-True
Drugs, IV contrast dye, decreased blood flow to kidneys can cause what type of injury? -
ANS-Renal injury and Nephrotoxicity
What lab values should a nurse monitor for a patient with chronic renal failure? - ANS-Blood
Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Creatinine (Cr)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Urinary Output
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) - ANS-Normal Range (8-20 mg/dL)
High: renal impairment, dehydration
Creatinine (Cr) - ANS-Normal Range (0.6-1.2 mg/dL)
High: renal impairment
True or False? BUN and Cr are not waste products from the body. - ANS-False; they are.
What is the main aspect of the renal system that filters the blood? - ANS-Glomerular Filtration
Rate (GFR)
Glomerular Flitration Rate - ANS-Normal Range (>90 ml/min)
Low: Decreased renal function
If the kidney is not working properly, you can check the ________? - ANS-Urinary Output
Urinary Output Measures - ANS-Normal Range (30 ml/hr)
Low: renal injury or impairment
What can cause liver injury or lead to hepatoxicity? - ANS-Drugs, excess alcohol intake, viral
infection (hepatitis)
What are the two liver enzymes? - ANS-Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) & Alanine
aminotransferase (ALT)
AST normal range______ & ALT normal range __________ - ANS-0-35 units/L & 4-36 units/L
Elevated in hepatitis or cirrhosis
, What are sources of lead in the environment? - ANS-Paint flakes
Dust and soil
Water pipes or soldered joints
Toys
Manifestations of Lead Toxicity? - ANS-Anemia, Kidneys, and the Brain
True or False? Anemia is a cardinal sign of lead toxicity. - ANS-True
True or False?
A blood test was done for Ben, his CBC for RBCs, his hemoglobin, and his hematocrit all came
back very low. This is not an indication of Anemia. - ANS-False; it is an indication, which is
possible lead toxicity.
True or False?
Your pt. Ben's lab also indicated high BUN, and creatinine levels. Low GFR and low urinary
output. Can this be a possible lead manifestation? - ANS-Yes; lead excreted by the kidneys can
lead to kidney damage damage or renal failure.
Ben is only 3 years old who cannot distinguish the difference between what he is supposed to
know, yet. You, as his nurse, noticed he is not developmentally where he should be at. Could
this be an indication of lead poisoning? - ANS-Yes; lead toxicity in children affects their
neurodevelopment, which lead to a low IQ.
Acute Encephalopathy - ANS-Persistent vomiting, ataxia, seizures, impaired consciousness,
and coma.
How does lead affect the brain? - ANS-Demyelination of neurons
Stages of cellular Adaptation: Pathophysiology - ANS-Normal cell -- (stress)--> Cell Adapts
--(does not adapt)--> Cell injury ---> Irreversible Injury --> Cell Death
Injury is reversible if it is mild or transient
Described how reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed? - ANS--Normal respiration and
metabolism (production of energy through the process of oxidation)
-Absorption of radiant energy (UV Light)
-Inflammation (Strong driver of ROS)
-Metabolism of certain drugs
-Reperfusion Injury (ischemia)
What is a Free Radical? - ANS-An atom or group of atoms that has one or more unpaired
electrons in its outer orbit.
What is the increase in the number of cells? - ANS-Hyperplasia
If there is an increase in workload, what does this do to the cells? - ANS-Hypertrophy; increase
in cell size due to increased workload
What is the deranged cell growth with varied size, shape, or organization? - ANS-Dysplasia
On a pap smear, what is usually looked for? - ANS-Cervical Dysplasia; Can return to normal or
lead to cancer.
What is the change from one cell type to another? - ANS-Metaplasia
Smoking changes cells in the airway. This is an example of___________ . Changing this habit
can reverse the effect to some degree. True or False? - ANS-Metaplasia; True
Allows stressed tissue to survive or maintain function. - ANS-Adaptation
Name two types of Abnormal Cellular Adaptation. - ANS-Metaplasia and Dysplasia
Allows stressed tissue to survive or maintain function is what? - ANS-Cellular Adaptation
Atrophy is defined as: - ANS-Smaller size in cells
Decrease in cell size for lower and more efficient level of function: - ANS-Atrophy
Pathological change that occurs in cardiomyocytes due to chronic hypertension -
ANS-hypertrophy; decrease the function of the heart
Physiological change resulting from decreased estrogen signaling (Menopause) - ANS-Atrophy
Malnutrition; the decreased blood flow leads to insufficient nutrients is atrophy, differentiated
how? - ANS-Pathological
Pathologic changes in airway epithelial cells due to smoking - ANS-metaplasia
Compensatory change due to loss of kidney - ANS-Hypertrophy; increase in nephron size
Physiological change due to hormonal signaling in pregnancy - ANS-Hyperplasia
,Hyperplasia in the prostate, endometrium, and gums are normal. True or False? - ANS-False; it
is abnormal
All of the following can cause cell injuries:
Physical, radiation, chemical, biologic agents, nutritional imbalances, pathologic calcification....
True or false? - ANS-True
Drugs, IV contrast dye, decreased blood flow to kidneys can cause what type of injury? -
ANS-Renal injury and Nephrotoxicity
What lab values should a nurse monitor for a patient with chronic renal failure? - ANS-Blood
Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Creatinine (Cr)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Urinary Output
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) - ANS-Normal Range (8-20 mg/dL)
High: renal impairment, dehydration
Creatinine (Cr) - ANS-Normal Range (0.6-1.2 mg/dL)
High: renal impairment
True or False? BUN and Cr are not waste products from the body. - ANS-False; they are.
What is the main aspect of the renal system that filters the blood? - ANS-Glomerular Filtration
Rate (GFR)
Glomerular Flitration Rate - ANS-Normal Range (>90 ml/min)
Low: Decreased renal function
If the kidney is not working properly, you can check the ________? - ANS-Urinary Output
Urinary Output Measures - ANS-Normal Range (30 ml/hr)
Low: renal injury or impairment
What can cause liver injury or lead to hepatoxicity? - ANS-Drugs, excess alcohol intake, viral
infection (hepatitis)
What are the two liver enzymes? - ANS-Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) & Alanine
aminotransferase (ALT)
AST normal range______ & ALT normal range __________ - ANS-0-35 units/L & 4-36 units/L
Elevated in hepatitis or cirrhosis
, What are sources of lead in the environment? - ANS-Paint flakes
Dust and soil
Water pipes or soldered joints
Toys
Manifestations of Lead Toxicity? - ANS-Anemia, Kidneys, and the Brain
True or False? Anemia is a cardinal sign of lead toxicity. - ANS-True
True or False?
A blood test was done for Ben, his CBC for RBCs, his hemoglobin, and his hematocrit all came
back very low. This is not an indication of Anemia. - ANS-False; it is an indication, which is
possible lead toxicity.
True or False?
Your pt. Ben's lab also indicated high BUN, and creatinine levels. Low GFR and low urinary
output. Can this be a possible lead manifestation? - ANS-Yes; lead excreted by the kidneys can
lead to kidney damage damage or renal failure.
Ben is only 3 years old who cannot distinguish the difference between what he is supposed to
know, yet. You, as his nurse, noticed he is not developmentally where he should be at. Could
this be an indication of lead poisoning? - ANS-Yes; lead toxicity in children affects their
neurodevelopment, which lead to a low IQ.
Acute Encephalopathy - ANS-Persistent vomiting, ataxia, seizures, impaired consciousness,
and coma.
How does lead affect the brain? - ANS-Demyelination of neurons
Stages of cellular Adaptation: Pathophysiology - ANS-Normal cell -- (stress)--> Cell Adapts
--(does not adapt)--> Cell injury ---> Irreversible Injury --> Cell Death
Injury is reversible if it is mild or transient
Described how reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed? - ANS--Normal respiration and
metabolism (production of energy through the process of oxidation)
-Absorption of radiant energy (UV Light)
-Inflammation (Strong driver of ROS)
-Metabolism of certain drugs
-Reperfusion Injury (ischemia)
What is a Free Radical? - ANS-An atom or group of atoms that has one or more unpaired
electrons in its outer orbit.
