NRSG 502 EXAM 1
Pathophysiology - ANS-the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
disease - ANS-An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Etiology - ANS-cause of disease (the why)
Pathogenesis - ANS-development of the disease (the how)
Cytoplasm components - ANS-- membrane enclosed organelles
- cytoplasmic matrix
- inorganic ions (K+)
- organic molecules (carbs, proteins/enzymes, lipids, metabolites, RNA)
- water
Nucleus components - ANS-- genome
- enzymes required for replication and transcription
Ribosomes - ANS-site of protein synthesis
- nucleoproteins (rRNA and proteins)
* some are free floating, some are part of the ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS-An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes
where many proteins for transport are assembled.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS-An endomembrane system where lipids are
synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Golgi apparatus - ANS-A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export
by the cell
Lysosomes - ANS-Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
Peroxisomes - ANS-Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and
other harmful chemicals
Proteasomes - ANS-A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for
elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.
, Mitochondria - ANS-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
regulates apoptosis
Microtubules - ANS-Development and maintenance of cell formation, transport inside cells
- create structure, not flexible
Cilia (surfaces of epithelial linings)
Flagella (sperm cell movement)
Microfilaments - ANS-thin and thick
intermediate
different epithelial lining and flagella
more flexible, because it makes up more muscle tissue
thin microfilaments - ANS-actin
thick microfilaments - ANS-myosin
The plasma membrane is... - ANS-semipermeable (selectively allows the ins and outs);
structure separates intra- and extracellular environments
plasma membrane functions - ANS-- controls transport of materials in and out of the cell
- receptors for signaling
(G-protein linked, enzyme linked, ion channel linked receptors)
- regulates cell growth and proliferation
Lipid bilayer = hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
endocrine (hormonal) signaling - ANS-hormones carried into blood stream to DISTANT cell
EX; Thyroid hormone
paracrine signaling - ANS-signaling acts on NEARBY cells
autocrine signaling - ANS-cell releases chemical that affects its OWN activity
synaptic signaling - ANS-neurotransmitters released from neurons into synapse to act on
NEIGHBORING cell
signal transduction - ANS-binding of chemical messengers on cell surface or inside the cell
Pathophysiology - ANS-the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
disease - ANS-An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Etiology - ANS-cause of disease (the why)
Pathogenesis - ANS-development of the disease (the how)
Cytoplasm components - ANS-- membrane enclosed organelles
- cytoplasmic matrix
- inorganic ions (K+)
- organic molecules (carbs, proteins/enzymes, lipids, metabolites, RNA)
- water
Nucleus components - ANS-- genome
- enzymes required for replication and transcription
Ribosomes - ANS-site of protein synthesis
- nucleoproteins (rRNA and proteins)
* some are free floating, some are part of the ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS-An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes
where many proteins for transport are assembled.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS-An endomembrane system where lipids are
synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Golgi apparatus - ANS-A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export
by the cell
Lysosomes - ANS-Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
Peroxisomes - ANS-Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and
other harmful chemicals
Proteasomes - ANS-A giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for
elimination by the small protein ubiquitin.
, Mitochondria - ANS-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
regulates apoptosis
Microtubules - ANS-Development and maintenance of cell formation, transport inside cells
- create structure, not flexible
Cilia (surfaces of epithelial linings)
Flagella (sperm cell movement)
Microfilaments - ANS-thin and thick
intermediate
different epithelial lining and flagella
more flexible, because it makes up more muscle tissue
thin microfilaments - ANS-actin
thick microfilaments - ANS-myosin
The plasma membrane is... - ANS-semipermeable (selectively allows the ins and outs);
structure separates intra- and extracellular environments
plasma membrane functions - ANS-- controls transport of materials in and out of the cell
- receptors for signaling
(G-protein linked, enzyme linked, ion channel linked receptors)
- regulates cell growth and proliferation
Lipid bilayer = hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
endocrine (hormonal) signaling - ANS-hormones carried into blood stream to DISTANT cell
EX; Thyroid hormone
paracrine signaling - ANS-signaling acts on NEARBY cells
autocrine signaling - ANS-cell releases chemical that affects its OWN activity
synaptic signaling - ANS-neurotransmitters released from neurons into synapse to act on
NEIGHBORING cell
signal transduction - ANS-binding of chemical messengers on cell surface or inside the cell
