N262 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Urinary alterations across the lifespan
Infants - no urinary control
Preschoolers - can toilet w accidents
School-Age - nocturnal enuresis
Older Adults - Nocturnal Frequency
Enuresis
involuntary passage of urine when control should be established (5+ years of age)
Nocturnal Enuresis
bedwetting, involuntary passage or urine at night
primary - never achieved control
secondary - control previously for established 6+ months
Nocturnal frequency
night time voiding
Polyuria
Diuresis, can cause excessive fluid loss
Oliguria
decreased urine ouput
less than 500mL/day of 30mL/hour
Anuria
,No urine output, dialysis must occur until kidneys return functioning
Frequency
voiding frequently, more than 4-6 times/day
Nocturia
voiding 2+ times at night
Urgency
sudden, strong desire to void
with or without urine output
Dysuria
painful urination
stress urinary incontinence
weak pelvic floor muscles
with cough, sneeze, jumping, running, laughing, heavy lifting
urge urinary incontinence
strong sudden urge and inability to to stop micturition
overflow incontinence
- blockage of the bladder
- muscle that expels urine is too weak to empty bladder normally (neurogenic - bladder
fullness not perceived)
may be side effect of medications
urinary retention
impaired emptying of the bladder
Factors affecting voiding
, Psychosocial factors
Fluid and food intake
medications
muscle tones
pathologic conditions (diseases of the kidney, heart, circulatory disorders; urinary stone
(calculus); hypertrophy of the prostate gland)
Surgical and diagnostic procedures (urethra swelling following cystoscopy; spinal
anesthetics; structures adjacent to or structures of urinary tract)
Measuring Urine Output
Urine hat, urinal, catheter, bladder scan
normal level is 1200-1500 mL/day
UTI prevention
void every 2-4 hours
avoid soaps, powders, or sprays
drink 8 8oz cups of water and eliminate caffeine
avoid tight fitting clothes
wear cotton underwear
Catheter care
- encourage fluid intake
- provide foods that create acidic urine
- routine perineal care to prevent contamination with feces
- change catheter and tubing if sediment or impaired drainage occurs
- maintain sterile closed drain system
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Urinary alterations across the lifespan
Infants - no urinary control
Preschoolers - can toilet w accidents
School-Age - nocturnal enuresis
Older Adults - Nocturnal Frequency
Enuresis
involuntary passage of urine when control should be established (5+ years of age)
Nocturnal Enuresis
bedwetting, involuntary passage or urine at night
primary - never achieved control
secondary - control previously for established 6+ months
Nocturnal frequency
night time voiding
Polyuria
Diuresis, can cause excessive fluid loss
Oliguria
decreased urine ouput
less than 500mL/day of 30mL/hour
Anuria
,No urine output, dialysis must occur until kidneys return functioning
Frequency
voiding frequently, more than 4-6 times/day
Nocturia
voiding 2+ times at night
Urgency
sudden, strong desire to void
with or without urine output
Dysuria
painful urination
stress urinary incontinence
weak pelvic floor muscles
with cough, sneeze, jumping, running, laughing, heavy lifting
urge urinary incontinence
strong sudden urge and inability to to stop micturition
overflow incontinence
- blockage of the bladder
- muscle that expels urine is too weak to empty bladder normally (neurogenic - bladder
fullness not perceived)
may be side effect of medications
urinary retention
impaired emptying of the bladder
Factors affecting voiding
, Psychosocial factors
Fluid and food intake
medications
muscle tones
pathologic conditions (diseases of the kidney, heart, circulatory disorders; urinary stone
(calculus); hypertrophy of the prostate gland)
Surgical and diagnostic procedures (urethra swelling following cystoscopy; spinal
anesthetics; structures adjacent to or structures of urinary tract)
Measuring Urine Output
Urine hat, urinal, catheter, bladder scan
normal level is 1200-1500 mL/day
UTI prevention
void every 2-4 hours
avoid soaps, powders, or sprays
drink 8 8oz cups of water and eliminate caffeine
avoid tight fitting clothes
wear cotton underwear
Catheter care
- encourage fluid intake
- provide foods that create acidic urine
- routine perineal care to prevent contamination with feces
- change catheter and tubing if sediment or impaired drainage occurs
- maintain sterile closed drain system
