3) N262 EXAM 1 PT. 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

3) N262 EXAM 1 PT. 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Oxygenation The movement and transfer of gases between the atmosphere and the blood - requires the respiratory, hematologic, and cardiovascular system Respiration The process of gas exchange between the individual and the environment - ventilation/breathing, diffusion, perfusion, systemic diffusion Ventilation/Breathing Respiration - movement of air in/out of lungs - oxygen (O2) entering the lungs (inhale) - carbon dioxide (CO2) excretion by the lungs (exhale) - effected by: neuro and musculoskeletal disorders, position, exertion/demand, pharm agents, air passageway diameter/obstruction Alveolar-Capillary Gas Exchange/Diffusion Respiration - diffusion of O2 and CO2 between alveoli & pulmonary capillaries - effected by: altered ambient O2 and status of alveoli, hypoxemia, Hgb values Transport of O2 and CO2/Perfusion Respiration - blood flow/transport of O2 and CO2 between tissues and lungs - oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood - 97% of O2 is carried to tissues by combining with Hgb in RBC's - effected by: blood volume, thrombus/emboli, cardiac disorders Systemic Diffusion Respiration - movement of O2 and CO2 between the systemic capillaries and tissues Respiratory Function Factors Affecting ________________________________ - age - environment, occupation - lifestyle - health status - medications, substance abuse - stress - nutrition - exercise - smoking - pain, injury, surgery, chronic illnesses Older Adults - reduced lung expansion, less alveolar inflation - difficulty expelling mucus or foreign material - declining immune response - GERD-increasing risk for aspiration - chemoreceptors respond more slowly - diminished ability to increase ventilation when oxygenation demands increase Hypoxemia Reduced O2 levels in the blood - restlessness - change in level of consciousness - fatigue - dyspnea/DOE - tachycardia/pnea - cyanosis - chest pain