N250 FUNDAMENTALS EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
LATEST UPDATE
a process by which water moves through a membrane that seperates fluids with
different particle concetrations
Osmosis
ADH regulates the osolalaty of the body fluids byb influencing how much water is
excreted. the release of ADH decreases if body fluids become too dilaute, which
allows more water to be excreted in the urine
how does ADH regulate fluid balance?
ADH regulates the oslolatlity of the body fluidsby influencing how much water is
excreted. The release of ADH decreases if body fluids become too dilute, which
allows more water to be excreted in the urine
How does ADH regulate fluid balance?
renin converts angiotension to angiotensin I, which is then converted to
angiotensin II (Vasoconstriction). Aldosterone causes reabsoption in the distal
renal tubules ;it also incrceases urinary exretion of potassium and hydrogen ions
how do changes in renal perfusion initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
mechanism?
,1.) antidiuretic hormone: regulates H2O excreted in urine (from posterior pituitary
gland)
2.) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RASS): reg Na+ & H2O excreted in
urine BP (adrenal cortex)
3. Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) stretch mechanism reg Na+ & H2O excreted
in urine, regulates BP →inhibits ADH, and opposes effect of aldost
- found in stretch receptors in heart
What is fluid output influences by?
sensible: something that you can count/quantify (ex: urine, blood loss)
insensible: hard to quantify (ex: sweat, condensation in breath)
sensible vs insensible loss of fluid
hypernatremia
"water deficit"; hypertonic
hyponatremia
"water excess"; hypotonic
➢ECV (extracellular volume) deficit & hypernatremia combined
Clinical dehydration is defined as a
outside
Na+ is found _______ of cells in the ECF
inside
,K+ is found _______ of cells in the ECF
3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
normal potassium (K+) level
9 to 10.5 mEq/L
normal Calcium(Ca2+)
1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L
normal Magnesium(Mg2+)
280 to 300 mmol/kg of water
Osmolality of Serum Blood
98 to 106 mEq/L
Normal Chloride (Cl⁻) Range
3 to 4.5 mg/dL
normal Phosphorous
22-26 mEq/L
Bicarbonate(arterial)
22 to 30 mmol/L
Total CO2
35 to 45 mmHg
PaCO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
22-26 mEq/L
HCO3-(Bicarbonate)
7.35 to 7.45
normal pH
, carbonic acid and metabolic acids.
1. Cells produce carbon dioxide (CO2), which acts as an acid in the body by
converting to carbonic acid
2. Metabolic acids are any acids that are not carbonic acid. They include citric
acid, lactic acid, and many others.
Cellular metabolism constantly creates two types of acids:.
Buffers
pairs of chemicals that work together to maintain normal pH of body fluids
carbonic
Lungs excrete _________ acid.
metbolic
Kidneys excrete ________ acids.
Respiratory acidosis RO
Arises from alveolar hypoventilation →Lungs unable to excrete enough
CO2 →Excess carbonic acid in the blood decreases pH
Respiratory alkalosis ME
Arises from alveolar hyperventilation →Lungs excrete too much CO2 →Deficit of
carbonic acid in the blood increases pH.
only the lungs
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
LATEST UPDATE
a process by which water moves through a membrane that seperates fluids with
different particle concetrations
Osmosis
ADH regulates the osolalaty of the body fluids byb influencing how much water is
excreted. the release of ADH decreases if body fluids become too dilaute, which
allows more water to be excreted in the urine
how does ADH regulate fluid balance?
ADH regulates the oslolatlity of the body fluidsby influencing how much water is
excreted. The release of ADH decreases if body fluids become too dilute, which
allows more water to be excreted in the urine
How does ADH regulate fluid balance?
renin converts angiotension to angiotensin I, which is then converted to
angiotensin II (Vasoconstriction). Aldosterone causes reabsoption in the distal
renal tubules ;it also incrceases urinary exretion of potassium and hydrogen ions
how do changes in renal perfusion initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
mechanism?
,1.) antidiuretic hormone: regulates H2O excreted in urine (from posterior pituitary
gland)
2.) Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RASS): reg Na+ & H2O excreted in
urine BP (adrenal cortex)
3. Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) stretch mechanism reg Na+ & H2O excreted
in urine, regulates BP →inhibits ADH, and opposes effect of aldost
- found in stretch receptors in heart
What is fluid output influences by?
sensible: something that you can count/quantify (ex: urine, blood loss)
insensible: hard to quantify (ex: sweat, condensation in breath)
sensible vs insensible loss of fluid
hypernatremia
"water deficit"; hypertonic
hyponatremia
"water excess"; hypotonic
➢ECV (extracellular volume) deficit & hypernatremia combined
Clinical dehydration is defined as a
outside
Na+ is found _______ of cells in the ECF
inside
,K+ is found _______ of cells in the ECF
3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
normal potassium (K+) level
9 to 10.5 mEq/L
normal Calcium(Ca2+)
1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L
normal Magnesium(Mg2+)
280 to 300 mmol/kg of water
Osmolality of Serum Blood
98 to 106 mEq/L
Normal Chloride (Cl⁻) Range
3 to 4.5 mg/dL
normal Phosphorous
22-26 mEq/L
Bicarbonate(arterial)
22 to 30 mmol/L
Total CO2
35 to 45 mmHg
PaCO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
22-26 mEq/L
HCO3-(Bicarbonate)
7.35 to 7.45
normal pH
, carbonic acid and metabolic acids.
1. Cells produce carbon dioxide (CO2), which acts as an acid in the body by
converting to carbonic acid
2. Metabolic acids are any acids that are not carbonic acid. They include citric
acid, lactic acid, and many others.
Cellular metabolism constantly creates two types of acids:.
Buffers
pairs of chemicals that work together to maintain normal pH of body fluids
carbonic
Lungs excrete _________ acid.
metbolic
Kidneys excrete ________ acids.
Respiratory acidosis RO
Arises from alveolar hypoventilation →Lungs unable to excrete enough
CO2 →Excess carbonic acid in the blood decreases pH
Respiratory alkalosis ME
Arises from alveolar hyperventilation →Lungs excrete too much CO2 →Deficit of
carbonic acid in the blood increases pH.
only the lungs
