DEXA REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ALL CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+

DEXA REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ALL CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ ____ may be a catalyst for onset of osteoporosis - Answer-coumarins (anticoagulants) Age range for FRAX prediction - Answer-40-90 yrs old FRAX uses BMD from which anatomical site? - Answer-femoral neck FRAX predicts that ____% hip or ____% chance of major osteoporotic fracture is strong predictor for osteoporosis. - Answer-3% hip 20% major osteoporotic fx Bone Mass Measurement Act - Answer-mandated Medicare coverage for bone mas measurement CMS - Answer-Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services decreased exam reimbursement Bone Mass Measurement Act - 5 instances when Medicare will cover exam - Answer-- estrogen-deficient woman at risk for osteoporosis - has vertebral abnormalities - on long-term glucocorticoid (steroid) therapy - has primary hyperparathyroidism - someone on osteoporosis drug therapy Medicare covers a DXA exam once every - Answer-23 months Medicare will cover DXA exam more frequently when - Answer-- patient is on glucocorticoid therapy for 3 months or more - patients being treated without monitoring Factors that affect accuracy - Answer-- precision from inconsistent results - trueness Factors that influence precision - Answer-inconsistent results Trueness - Answer-the ability to measure true value Precision studies - Answer-scanning same patient or phantom multiple times formula is used to determine average ethnic groups with lower BMD - Answer-Asians and Whites ethnic groups with higher BMD - Answer-Black and Hispanic Diseases contributing to low bone mass - Answer-- asthma - arthritis - diabetes - hyperparathyroidism - hyperthyroidism - lupus - multiple sclerosis - rheumatoid arthritis - renal transplant pt's Bones are made primarily of the mineral ____ - Answer-hydroxyapatite 3 stages of bone repair - Answer-1) reactive stage 2) reparative stage 3) remodeling stage Precision - Answer-comparison between serial measurements of the same object or person. (ex. weigh something 5 times, and get 3.2 kg each time = measurement is very precise) Accuracy - Answer-ability of a measurement to match the accepted referenced value. (ex. weight measured at 3.2 kg, but the actual or known weight is 10 kg, = measurement is not accurate) Cushings Disease (definition) - Answer-Serious condition of an excess of the steroid hormone cortisol in the blood level caused by a pituitary tumor secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). What causes Cushings Disease? - Answer-Cushing disease is caused by a tumor or excess growth (hyperplasia) of the pituitary gland in the brain. ACTH - Answer-ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a hormone produced by the normal pituitary gland For baseline DXA exams, we want - Answer-accuracy For followup DXA exams, we want - Answer-precision scanning Axial skeleton includes - Answer-Skull, spine, ribs, sternum Appendicular skeleton includes - Answer-shoulders, pelvis, upper & lower extremities Cortical bone - Answer-aka compact bone thicker, stronger, located exteriorly Trabecular bone - Answer-aka spongy or cancellous bone, weaker, located interiorly Weight bearing bones - Answer-C, T, L spine lower extremities portions of the pelvis Most numerous cells in bone - Answer-osteocytes % of US population who have undiagnosed/untreated osteoporosis - Answer-~80% glucocorticoids decrease the activity of - Answer-osteoblasts Conditions that cause secondary osteoporosis - Answer-- type 1 diabetes mellitus - osteogenesis imperfecta - hyperthyroidism - hypogonadism - malabsorption - chronic liver disease