TEST BANK For Understanding Psychology
Cognitive Psychology - ANSWER: -The branch of psychology that focuses on the study
of higher mental processes.
-Thinking, Language, Memory, Problem Solving, Knowing, Reasoning, Judging,
Decision Making.
Thinking - ANSWER: -Brain activity in which people mentally manipulate information
including words, visual images, sounds, or other data.
-No other species contemplates, analyzes, recollects, or plans the way humans do.
Mental Images - ANSWER: -Representations in the mind of an object or event.
-Every sensory modality produces corresponding mental images.
-Mental images have properties of the actual stimuli they represent.
-Production of mental images improves various skills.
-Example: Athletic training.
Concepts - ANSWER: -The mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people.
-Enable us to organize complex phenomena into cognitive categories that are easier
to understand and remember.
Prototypes - ANSWER: -Typical, highly representative examples of a concept.
Deductive Reasoning - ANSWER: -Reasoning from the general to the specific.
-Start with what you assume to be true, and draw a conclusion that must be true if
your assumptions are true.
Syllogism - ANSWER: -Two true premises (propositions or statements) validly imply a
conclusion.
-All men are mortal. (Major Premise).
-Socrates is a man. (Minor Premise).
-Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (Conclusion).
Inductive Reasoning - ANSWER: -An argument that begins with known facts that will
lead to a conclusion that may possibly come true: reasoning from specific to general.
Three Stages of Inductive Reasoning - ANSWER: -Look for a Pattern: Identify
examples and use diagrams, charts, tables, and pictures to document the pattern.
-Develop a Theory: Use the observations to develop questions about the pattern and
use the questions to develop a hypothesis to test.
-Verify the Theory: Use logical reasoning skills to decide if the observations about the
pattern are valid.
Algorithms - ANSWER: -A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to
a problem.
, -Ex: Pythagorean Theorem.
Heuristics - ANSWER: -A thinking strategy that may lead to a solution but may
sometimes lead to errors.
Availability Heuristic - ANSWER: -Judges the probability of an event occurring on the
basis of how easy it is to think of examples.
Familiarity Heuristic - ANSWER: -Chooses familiar items to be seen as superior to
those that are unfamiliar.
Present Bias - ANSWER: -The tendency to more heavily weigh options that are closer
to the present than ones further away.
Artificial Intelligence - ANSWER: -Field that examines how to use technology to
imitate human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities.
-Today, artificial intelligence uses machine learning: processes immense amounts of
data and makes decisions on the probability of an event.
-Computers using artificial intelligence are particularly good at tasks that require
speed, persistence, and a huge memory: Apple's Siri or Amazon's Alexa.
The Tower of Hanoi - ANSWER: -The way people go about solving puzzles helps
illuminate how people solve complex, real-life problems.
The 3 Steps of Problem Solving - ANSWER: -Preparation: define and diagnose the
problem.
-Production: generate solutions: heuristics; algorithms.
-Judgment: evaluate the outcomes of the solutions that have been generated.
Problem Solving - ANSWER: -The representation and organization of the problem
depends on the way the problem is defined, framed, or the perspective from which it
is approached.
Well-Defined Problem - ANSWER: -The nature of the problem and the information
needed to solve it are available and clear.
Ill-Defined Problem - ANSWER: -The nature of the problem and the information
needed to solve it are unclear.
Arrangement Problem - ANSWER: -Require the problem solver to rearrange
elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion.
Anagrams - ANSWER: -Rearrange the letters in each set to make an English word.
Problem of Inducing Structure - ANSWER: -A person must identify the existing
relationships among the elements presented and then construct a new relationship
among them.
Cognitive Psychology - ANSWER: -The branch of psychology that focuses on the study
of higher mental processes.
-Thinking, Language, Memory, Problem Solving, Knowing, Reasoning, Judging,
Decision Making.
Thinking - ANSWER: -Brain activity in which people mentally manipulate information
including words, visual images, sounds, or other data.
-No other species contemplates, analyzes, recollects, or plans the way humans do.
Mental Images - ANSWER: -Representations in the mind of an object or event.
-Every sensory modality produces corresponding mental images.
-Mental images have properties of the actual stimuli they represent.
-Production of mental images improves various skills.
-Example: Athletic training.
Concepts - ANSWER: -The mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people.
-Enable us to organize complex phenomena into cognitive categories that are easier
to understand and remember.
Prototypes - ANSWER: -Typical, highly representative examples of a concept.
Deductive Reasoning - ANSWER: -Reasoning from the general to the specific.
-Start with what you assume to be true, and draw a conclusion that must be true if
your assumptions are true.
Syllogism - ANSWER: -Two true premises (propositions or statements) validly imply a
conclusion.
-All men are mortal. (Major Premise).
-Socrates is a man. (Minor Premise).
-Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (Conclusion).
Inductive Reasoning - ANSWER: -An argument that begins with known facts that will
lead to a conclusion that may possibly come true: reasoning from specific to general.
Three Stages of Inductive Reasoning - ANSWER: -Look for a Pattern: Identify
examples and use diagrams, charts, tables, and pictures to document the pattern.
-Develop a Theory: Use the observations to develop questions about the pattern and
use the questions to develop a hypothesis to test.
-Verify the Theory: Use logical reasoning skills to decide if the observations about the
pattern are valid.
Algorithms - ANSWER: -A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to
a problem.
, -Ex: Pythagorean Theorem.
Heuristics - ANSWER: -A thinking strategy that may lead to a solution but may
sometimes lead to errors.
Availability Heuristic - ANSWER: -Judges the probability of an event occurring on the
basis of how easy it is to think of examples.
Familiarity Heuristic - ANSWER: -Chooses familiar items to be seen as superior to
those that are unfamiliar.
Present Bias - ANSWER: -The tendency to more heavily weigh options that are closer
to the present than ones further away.
Artificial Intelligence - ANSWER: -Field that examines how to use technology to
imitate human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities.
-Today, artificial intelligence uses machine learning: processes immense amounts of
data and makes decisions on the probability of an event.
-Computers using artificial intelligence are particularly good at tasks that require
speed, persistence, and a huge memory: Apple's Siri or Amazon's Alexa.
The Tower of Hanoi - ANSWER: -The way people go about solving puzzles helps
illuminate how people solve complex, real-life problems.
The 3 Steps of Problem Solving - ANSWER: -Preparation: define and diagnose the
problem.
-Production: generate solutions: heuristics; algorithms.
-Judgment: evaluate the outcomes of the solutions that have been generated.
Problem Solving - ANSWER: -The representation and organization of the problem
depends on the way the problem is defined, framed, or the perspective from which it
is approached.
Well-Defined Problem - ANSWER: -The nature of the problem and the information
needed to solve it are available and clear.
Ill-Defined Problem - ANSWER: -The nature of the problem and the information
needed to solve it are unclear.
Arrangement Problem - ANSWER: -Require the problem solver to rearrange
elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion.
Anagrams - ANSWER: -Rearrange the letters in each set to make an English word.
Problem of Inducing Structure - ANSWER: -A person must identify the existing
relationships among the elements presented and then construct a new relationship
among them.
