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TEST 3 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SUMMER
2024 UTA 5315 EXAM 200+ QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS 2024/2025 GRADED A+.
Atrophy
1. Shrinking in size such as skeletal muscle atrophy. Disuse atrophy, withdrawal of
growth
factors or hormones
2. Physiologic atrophy—thymus gland atrophies in childhood
Hypertrophy
1. Enlarging of cells and thus the organ usually due to increased workload
2. Ex. Left ventricular hypertrophy, cells enlarge not multiply
3. Physiologic hypertrophy turns into pathologic.
Hyperplasia
1. Multiplication of cells (increased number of normal appearing cells in response
to
physiologic or excessive hormonal stimulation
2. Increased rate of cell division
3. After ovulation, estrogen stimulates endometrium to grow & thicken for
implantation.
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Dysplasia
1. Change in size, shape or organization, abnormal development of cells.
2. May be reversible, may lead to malignancy
3. IT IS NEVER NORMAL
4. Ex. Epithelial, cervical
Metaplasia
1. Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another differentiated cell type
2. Bronchial columnar cells by squamous cells (recurrent injury)
3. Squamous cells do not secrete mucus or have cilia thus loosing vital protective
mechanism
Aquaporins
Aquaporins, also called water channels, are integral membrane proteins from a
larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of
biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells.
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Net Filtration
1. Is a calculation of the forces that favor filtration vs the forces that oppose
filtration Fluid
distribution between the permeable capillaries of the vascular and interstitial bed
is going to
be the net result of oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure—measurements of
these
forces pulling and pushing against each other
2. Pushing and pulling of fluid will determine if fluid moves out of capillary and into
interstitial
space=filtration. Or if fluid moves into the venous end of the
capillary=reabsorption
Examples That Cause Edema
1. Liver failure resulting in portal hypertension causing fluid to leak out of
capillaries. Also decreases the production of blood proteins such as albumin,
decreasing osmotic pressure in vessels.
2. Hypertension leading to increased hydrostatic pressure filtering more fluid into
interstitial space.
3. Increase in blood vessel permeability due infection or injury or burn causing
increased fluid to accumulate in interstitial space.
4. Increased venous pressure and decreased reabsorption and thus increased
hydrostatic pressure due to heart failure.
5. Lymphatic obstruction decreasing absorption of fluid into lymphatic system.
Oncotic Pressure (Colloid Osmotic Pressure)
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Pressure exerted by plasma proteins that pull fluid back into blood vessel. Or into
interstitial space.
Remember RAAS System and Function
Natriuretics - ANP, BNP, Urodilatin
Does opposite of RAAS System. Responds to increase volume in vessels.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
ADH is also called arginine vasopressin. It's a hormone made by the hypothalamus
in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how
much water to reabsorb in distal renal tubules. ADH constantly regulates and
balances the amount of water in your blood. Released in response to increased
blood osmolality or decreased blood volume.
Isotonic Fluid loss (Isotonic Dehydration)
TEST 3 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY SUMMER
2024 UTA 5315 EXAM 200+ QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS 2024/2025 GRADED A+.
Atrophy
1. Shrinking in size such as skeletal muscle atrophy. Disuse atrophy, withdrawal of
growth
factors or hormones
2. Physiologic atrophy—thymus gland atrophies in childhood
Hypertrophy
1. Enlarging of cells and thus the organ usually due to increased workload
2. Ex. Left ventricular hypertrophy, cells enlarge not multiply
3. Physiologic hypertrophy turns into pathologic.
Hyperplasia
1. Multiplication of cells (increased number of normal appearing cells in response
to
physiologic or excessive hormonal stimulation
2. Increased rate of cell division
3. After ovulation, estrogen stimulates endometrium to grow & thicken for
implantation.
, Page |2
Dysplasia
1. Change in size, shape or organization, abnormal development of cells.
2. May be reversible, may lead to malignancy
3. IT IS NEVER NORMAL
4. Ex. Epithelial, cervical
Metaplasia
1. Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another differentiated cell type
2. Bronchial columnar cells by squamous cells (recurrent injury)
3. Squamous cells do not secrete mucus or have cilia thus loosing vital protective
mechanism
Aquaporins
Aquaporins, also called water channels, are integral membrane proteins from a
larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of
biological cells, mainly facilitating transport of water between cells.
, Page |3
Net Filtration
1. Is a calculation of the forces that favor filtration vs the forces that oppose
filtration Fluid
distribution between the permeable capillaries of the vascular and interstitial bed
is going to
be the net result of oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure—measurements of
these
forces pulling and pushing against each other
2. Pushing and pulling of fluid will determine if fluid moves out of capillary and into
interstitial
space=filtration. Or if fluid moves into the venous end of the
capillary=reabsorption
Examples That Cause Edema
1. Liver failure resulting in portal hypertension causing fluid to leak out of
capillaries. Also decreases the production of blood proteins such as albumin,
decreasing osmotic pressure in vessels.
2. Hypertension leading to increased hydrostatic pressure filtering more fluid into
interstitial space.
3. Increase in blood vessel permeability due infection or injury or burn causing
increased fluid to accumulate in interstitial space.
4. Increased venous pressure and decreased reabsorption and thus increased
hydrostatic pressure due to heart failure.
5. Lymphatic obstruction decreasing absorption of fluid into lymphatic system.
Oncotic Pressure (Colloid Osmotic Pressure)
, Page |4
Pressure exerted by plasma proteins that pull fluid back into blood vessel. Or into
interstitial space.
Remember RAAS System and Function
Natriuretics - ANP, BNP, Urodilatin
Does opposite of RAAS System. Responds to increase volume in vessels.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
ADH is also called arginine vasopressin. It's a hormone made by the hypothalamus
in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how
much water to reabsorb in distal renal tubules. ADH constantly regulates and
balances the amount of water in your blood. Released in response to increased
blood osmolality or decreased blood volume.
Isotonic Fluid loss (Isotonic Dehydration)
