MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 1 QUESTIONS
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1. Microorganism - ANSWER ✔ are organisms that are too small to see with
the unaided eye
2. Examples of microorganisms - ANSWER ✔ bacteria
fungi
protozoa
microscopic algae
viruses
3. Eurkarya - ANSWER ✔ -animals
4. -Plants
- Fungi:
• Distinct nucleus
• Chitin in cell walls
• Absorb organic chemicals for energy
• Yeasts: unicellular
• Molds and Mushrooms: multicellular
5. What are the basic shapes of microbial groups - ANSWER ✔ bacillus
coccus
spiral
6. arrangements - ANSWER ✔ diplo: pairs
staphylo: clusters
strepto: chains
,7. motility - ANSWER ✔ ability to move via flagella
8. usually all of them have flagella but not all
9. some have full movement but some just shake
10.Brownian motion - ANSWER ✔ where all the bacteria move in one
direction and can't change directions themselves
11.Chemotaxis - ANSWER ✔ either moving toward food or away from
chemicals
12.Staining - ANSWER ✔ simple stains
special stains: capsule stains
differential stains: gram stains
Gram postive: purple
gram Negative: pink/red
13.Areobic - ANSWER ✔ requires O2 for growth
14.anareobic - ANSWER ✔ don't require O2 for growth
15.Faculatitive - ANSWER ✔ the live with or without O2 but prefer O2
16.Microaerophilic - ANSWER ✔ they prefer less O2 than the level of O2 in
the atmospheric
17.Inclusions - ANSWER ✔ - Usually for storage
- Metachromatic Granules: phosphate reserve
- Lipid Inclusions: energy reserves
Sulfur Granules: energy reserves
18.Pilus (pili) - ANSWER ✔ - Sex pili are used for conjugation in certain
species
, Conjugation: the process of using the poli as a bridge to move the DNA
between two cells
19.Fimbriae - ANSWER ✔ - Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
Not like flagella
20.Glycocalyx - ANSWER ✔ - External to the cell wall
- Viscous and gelantinous
- Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptide
- Two Types:
- Capsule: very well organized and firm, also prevent phagocytosis
- Slime Layer: loose and not organized at all
Helps form biofilms
21.Flagella - ANSWER ✔ - Appendages external of the cell
- Propel the bacteria
- Made of 3 parts:
- Filament: outermost region
- Hook: attaches to the filament
- Basal Body: consist of rod and pairs of rings, anchors flagellum to the
cell wall and membrane
- Gram Positive: 2 rings
- Gram negative: 4 rings
- How they change directions:
- Clockwise: Tumble
- Counter Clockwise: Run
22.Cilia - ANSWER ✔ -Very different from flagella
-It is just used for minor motility not near the movement that flagella
produces
23.Cytoplasm - ANSWER ✔ -"Guts" of the cell
- 80% of water makes up the entirety of the cytoplasm as well as some
proteins, carbohydrates lipids, and other things
24.Nucleoid - ANSWER ✔ - no nuclear membrane
- usually single (haploid)
- usually circular
, - double stranded DNA
divided by binary fission
25.Plasmids - ANSWER ✔ - extrachromosomal genetic elements (will never
find in the nucleus)
- carry non-crucial genes
- can be used for transfer of anti-microbial resistance
reduce toxins
26.Ribosomes - ANSWER ✔ - Site of protein synthesis
- 70S in prokaryotes
- 80S in eukarayotes
- main production is protein synthesis
- Eukaryotes: 80S total—Large = 60S Small- 40S, membrane- bound:
attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryotes: 70S total: Large= 50S small- 30S, in chloroplasts and
mitochondria
27.Cell Wall - ANSWER ✔ -Polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows
-NAG and NAM
-Rows are linked by polypeptides
-Functions:
1.Shape the cell
2. Protect the cell from osmotic lysis
28.Plasma Membrane - ANSWER ✔ - Phospholipid bilayer (can be destroyed
through alcohol or soap)
- Peripheral proteins
- Integral proteins
- Transmembrane proteins
- Selectively permeable (most important feature; also why it is gram
positive)
- Contain enzymes that are needed to ATP production
Some membranes have phtoosymthetic pigments (chromatophrnes) on
folding
29.Endospores - ANSWER ✔ - Spore Formations= sporulation
- The most resistant forms of life
- Can resist almost everything
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<BRAND NEW VERSION>
1. Microorganism - ANSWER ✔ are organisms that are too small to see with
the unaided eye
2. Examples of microorganisms - ANSWER ✔ bacteria
fungi
protozoa
microscopic algae
viruses
3. Eurkarya - ANSWER ✔ -animals
4. -Plants
- Fungi:
• Distinct nucleus
• Chitin in cell walls
• Absorb organic chemicals for energy
• Yeasts: unicellular
• Molds and Mushrooms: multicellular
5. What are the basic shapes of microbial groups - ANSWER ✔ bacillus
coccus
spiral
6. arrangements - ANSWER ✔ diplo: pairs
staphylo: clusters
strepto: chains
,7. motility - ANSWER ✔ ability to move via flagella
8. usually all of them have flagella but not all
9. some have full movement but some just shake
10.Brownian motion - ANSWER ✔ where all the bacteria move in one
direction and can't change directions themselves
11.Chemotaxis - ANSWER ✔ either moving toward food or away from
chemicals
12.Staining - ANSWER ✔ simple stains
special stains: capsule stains
differential stains: gram stains
Gram postive: purple
gram Negative: pink/red
13.Areobic - ANSWER ✔ requires O2 for growth
14.anareobic - ANSWER ✔ don't require O2 for growth
15.Faculatitive - ANSWER ✔ the live with or without O2 but prefer O2
16.Microaerophilic - ANSWER ✔ they prefer less O2 than the level of O2 in
the atmospheric
17.Inclusions - ANSWER ✔ - Usually for storage
- Metachromatic Granules: phosphate reserve
- Lipid Inclusions: energy reserves
Sulfur Granules: energy reserves
18.Pilus (pili) - ANSWER ✔ - Sex pili are used for conjugation in certain
species
, Conjugation: the process of using the poli as a bridge to move the DNA
between two cells
19.Fimbriae - ANSWER ✔ - Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
Not like flagella
20.Glycocalyx - ANSWER ✔ - External to the cell wall
- Viscous and gelantinous
- Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptide
- Two Types:
- Capsule: very well organized and firm, also prevent phagocytosis
- Slime Layer: loose and not organized at all
Helps form biofilms
21.Flagella - ANSWER ✔ - Appendages external of the cell
- Propel the bacteria
- Made of 3 parts:
- Filament: outermost region
- Hook: attaches to the filament
- Basal Body: consist of rod and pairs of rings, anchors flagellum to the
cell wall and membrane
- Gram Positive: 2 rings
- Gram negative: 4 rings
- How they change directions:
- Clockwise: Tumble
- Counter Clockwise: Run
22.Cilia - ANSWER ✔ -Very different from flagella
-It is just used for minor motility not near the movement that flagella
produces
23.Cytoplasm - ANSWER ✔ -"Guts" of the cell
- 80% of water makes up the entirety of the cytoplasm as well as some
proteins, carbohydrates lipids, and other things
24.Nucleoid - ANSWER ✔ - no nuclear membrane
- usually single (haploid)
- usually circular
, - double stranded DNA
divided by binary fission
25.Plasmids - ANSWER ✔ - extrachromosomal genetic elements (will never
find in the nucleus)
- carry non-crucial genes
- can be used for transfer of anti-microbial resistance
reduce toxins
26.Ribosomes - ANSWER ✔ - Site of protein synthesis
- 70S in prokaryotes
- 80S in eukarayotes
- main production is protein synthesis
- Eukaryotes: 80S total—Large = 60S Small- 40S, membrane- bound:
attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Prokaryotes: 70S total: Large= 50S small- 30S, in chloroplasts and
mitochondria
27.Cell Wall - ANSWER ✔ -Polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows
-NAG and NAM
-Rows are linked by polypeptides
-Functions:
1.Shape the cell
2. Protect the cell from osmotic lysis
28.Plasma Membrane - ANSWER ✔ - Phospholipid bilayer (can be destroyed
through alcohol or soap)
- Peripheral proteins
- Integral proteins
- Transmembrane proteins
- Selectively permeable (most important feature; also why it is gram
positive)
- Contain enzymes that are needed to ATP production
Some membranes have phtoosymthetic pigments (chromatophrnes) on
folding
29.Endospores - ANSWER ✔ - Spore Formations= sporulation
- The most resistant forms of life
- Can resist almost everything
