SOC 210 Intro to Sociology Exam | Questions with 100% Correct Answers

SOC 210 Intro to Sociology Exam | Questions with 100% Correct Sociology was developed in the 18th and 19th centuries to ______. Better understand societal change. Caleb thought his research would find that college students cared more about partying than grades, but he was surprised to find that grades were more often the first priority in the students he surveyed. What should Caleb do next? His theory needs to be adjusted. The individualistic perspective is problematic because it ______. Fosters the impression that individuals are not influenced by their environments Which statement is TRUE of good generalizations? They are based on social scientific research. Why is a sociologically informed public important for a democratic society? Sociology helps individuals distinguish between good generalizations and stereotypes. How can the study of sociology benefit individuals and society? Sociology can help people distinguish between good information and fake news. ______ focuses on how society and individuals influence each other. Sociology What is a valuable workplace skill often acquired by studying sociology? The increased use of critical thinking. An oversimplified and predetermined belief about a person or group of people refers to a __________. Stereotype. Jane Addams is remembered for ______. Founding the settlement house movement. The application of sociological research helps us to understand and address ______. Economic inequality and racism. ______ is used to make connections between individual and societal viewpoints. A sociological imagination. Who developed the concept of the sociological imagination? C. Wright Mills How was the Industrial Revolution a factor in the formation of sociology as a discipline? It changed where people lived and how they worked. ______ occurs when groups of people are described in over-all terms. Generalizations. What is a sociologist doing when she makes a good generalization? Pointing out social patterns. Who is credited with naming the field of sociology? August Comte Which statement is an example of a good generalization? Women are more likely to experience sexism. A sociologist would learn more about how a given society functions by ______. conducting scientific research. A woman sees two young males approaching on the street. She quickly crosses the street because she assumes they will cause trouble. This woman is engaging in ______. stereotyping. A ______ in sociology is a way to explain different social patterns. Theory Structural functionalist theorists view society as harmonious, whereas conflict theorists view society as _____. Oppressive What is a latent function of schools? Providing children daytime supervision. What is the symbolic interactionist perspective? It studies the social construction of reality through the use of shared symbols. Zach is a student, a son, and a member of his school's basketball team. These are examples of different ________. status positions A couple attends a formal event with another couple with whom they would like to become friends. The couple makes a point to wear nice clothes and choose topics of conversation carefully. This couple is engaging in ______ management. impression Groups of theories that share certain aspects are ______. theoretical perspectives A child begins to wear clothes that he believes his friends will find appealing. Which sociological theory would see this action as a means of socialization? looking glass self theory Which statement exemplifies false consciousness? The proletariat class not recognizing the permanence of their social and economic status. How would Karl Marx explain alienation? As a means of preventing workers from reaching their full potential. A woman buys a designer dress to wear to her high school reunion and talks to others about her successful career and new house. Which of these is considered a prop that the woman is using in the front stage of the reunion? the designer dress What is an example of a manifest function of the family? socializing children. When we say that society determines what is "reasonable," we mean that it is ______. socially constructed In Marx's view of capitalism, he labeled the factory workers as the ______. Proletariat According to social functionalists, social change ______. should be done slowly to maintain equilibrium Which level of analysis focuses on large-scale structural and societal forces? Macro. What major sociological perspective is Karl Marx associated with? Conflict. What is a goal of structural functionalism? social cooperation. According to Karl Marx, when a working-class person understands the upper class's use of exploitation, they can achieve ______. true consciousness Structural functionalism focuses on ______, such as the family, religion, or education. institutions A social status consists of ________, which are defined by tasks and behaviors that are elements status. Roles By focusing on social order and harmony, structural functionalism can often overlook ________. the benefit of social change When using structural functionalist theoretical perspective, sociologists focus on ______. social harmony and social order Symbolic Interactionism falls under which theoretical perspective? Micro Two sociologists are working in the marketing department of a large company. john happened to mention that he had just gotten a raise, for which he was eternally grateful to the company because he hadn't had a raise in five years. Melinda said that was disgraceful; the company was totally taking advantage of him and profiting off his work, and they should have given him a raise and a promotion years ago. Melinda most likely subscribes to the ______ perspective. Conflict Marx envisioned a(n) ________ society where all citizens would be equal, but this vision has never become a reality. Communist What are the three main theoretical perspectives of sociology? Structural functionalism, conflict, and symbolic interaction. According to structural functionalist theory, if you violate society's norms by breaking the law, your punishment will serve to ______. keep your bad behavior from spreading in the community What is the latent function of schools? Providing children daytime supervision. When Elias was 17, he robbed a bank and went to prison for 10 years. A structural functionalist would say Elias ________. violated social norms When sociologists research a _______ level of analysis, they are interested in individuals or small groups. Micro The sociological imagination is best described as ______. an awareness of the relationship between one's own experiences and society When a change in one variable brings about a change in another variable, this is an example of ________. Causation A researcher would like to study intelligence. Which of these would result in qualitative data? Recording opinions about IQ scores from members of a given population. he scientific method is best described as ______. steps researchers take, including developing a question, and collecting, analyzing, and reporting data How might a researcher study substance abuse using basic research? by reading articles about potential genetic components Trang was conducting research on group behavior. She sat in the bleachers and kept track in a notebook of the kinds of interactions that occurred between the members of the cheerleading squad. Trang's method of research was ______. Observation Surveys and interviews are a form of data collection that uses ______. Questions When researchers use a qualitative approach for research, some of their material may involve ______. visual representation Jamal is conducting research on a topic that has not been researched before, hoping to discover new knowledge about the topic. In this role, Jamal is a ______ of knowledge. Producer "I believe that abortion should be legal in all cases," is an example of a(n) ______ statement. Normative The distillation of raw data into useful information is known as ______. data analysis When a researcher tells his participants about the study being conducted, what they will be asked to do, and any potential harms, he is demonstrating ______. informed consent A researcher conducts a study about student experiences in online classes. The researcher provides a label for the different responses so that they can be classified into categories. What is the researcher doing? coding. A researcher is conducting a study about the work nurses do on a daily basis. The researcher enters the names of all nurses working at a hospital into a computer program that automatically chooses 25 for interviews. This demonstrates ______. random sampling Who has been collecting data on social and political opinion since 1972 and makes it available to researchers at no charge? the General Social Survey. Researchers not only watch interactions occurring in a study they are conducting, but also interact in the social context. These researchers are engaging in ______. participant-observation How are research skills useful outside of the workplace? They help us make better choices. A social scientist says that society would improve if all households made the same income. This is an example of a(n) ______ statement. Normative A professor conducts a study using students as participants. Some of the students wanted to drop out of the study, but the professor told them they needed to stay in the study in order to provide valid results. What was violated in this study? informed consent A researcher is starting a study and wants to read what others have documented about similar studies. What is this researcher engaging in? literature review. ______ is best described as the systematic process of data collection in order to produce knowledge. Research A group or society's way of life, including characteristics that make it different from other groups or societies, refers to _____. Culture While at a restaurant, a female server must smile at all customers in order to appear friendly and approachable, even if she is not in the mood to do so. This is an example of a societal ______. norm According to George Murdock, each country has a unique culture, but there are some cultural practices that exist in most or all societies. These are called ______. cultural universals If a person is caught stealing from a store, this person has broken one of societies ______. mores A cultural group that exists within another, larger culture is a ______. Subculture Most shoppers look for the end of the line to wait to pay for their items. How do they arrive at this behavior? They exercise the social norms they have learned about shopping. How would consumers of popular culture most likely spend their days? working in a factory. In the United States, giving someone a thumbs up is a positive sign, but in Iraq it has an entirely different meaning. This demonstrates ______. how each culture creates its own symbols Sociologist Gerhard Lenski argued that ______ is what leads to different types of societies over time. Technology The city of Chicago is a mixture of White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic citizens, along with many others. This is an example of _________. Multiculturalism The Ku Klux Klan is an example of a ______. Counterculture A belief is defined as ______. accepting that something is true Patriotic music, fireworks, and picnics represent Independence Day in the United States. These are examples of ______. Symbols Culture for elite groups of people are called ______ cultures and ______ cultures are those that exist among the common people. high; popular Expectations about the appropriate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people in a variety of situations are called _______. norms People in the United States often fly the national flag as a(n) ______ of their patriotism. Symbol The development of hand tools and the domestication of animals were the precursor to ______ societies. horticultural/pastoral According to sociologist Robin Williams, which of these is least likely to be considered an American value? cooperation and sharing A series of symbols people use to communicate meaning is called ______. Language What is an important element of culture? Beliefs What is typically the first agent of socialization for children? family. We experience ___ when we have competing demands within a particular social role and status. role strain In describing social life and the different regions, Goffman refers to the "backstage" as an area ___. In which one no longer has to perform. What is an example of a total institution? prison. The field of study pioneered by Harold Garfinkel that studies the ordinary methods people use to make sense of their social interactions is called ___. ethnomethodology. Which of these would be considered a primary group? Marta and her three sisters. Which of these is an example of gender socialization? A young girl wants a ty truck for her birthday, but her parents buy her a Barbie van instead. When scientists study children who have lived in isolation, these children demonstrate ___. How society and social interactions affect who we are. Feral children present a unique opportunity for scientists to study ___. the impact of nature without the influence of nurture. The ways in which a person behaves and reacts to others refers to ___. social interactions Children who are raised in isolation and have few opportunities for social interaction are typically labeled as ___. feral. A young woman graduates high school and moves..., and pay her own bills, none of which she did while living at home. This is an example of ___. resocialization. When formal organizations grow and become more complex, they often become ___. bureaucracies. A factors that can create negative socialization experience for a child in school is ___. Skin color. Socialization is part of the process of ___, in which individuals internalize the values and norms of a society and pass them to the next generation. social reproduction Which theorist created a field of study that observed the ordinary or everyday methods people use to make sense of their social interaction? Harold Garfinkel. Which of these best describes socialization? the ability to follow social norms and expectations of one's society ___ organizations assign members to specific jobs and have a system to replace them when needed. Formal When an individual develops a sense of self through social interactions and is aware of how others see her or him, this person has learned ___. Self-consciousness How would Mead explain the concept of taking the role of the other? People become aware of what others do and imitate them. after Joachim broke into the school and stole a computer, the kids all called him a thief and refused to have anything to do with him. As a result, Joachim felt he had nothing to lose when he robbed a bank with a plan to skip town. This act is called ___ deviance. Secondary A young man applies for several jobs in his small-town community. In the past, he drank heavily and developed a reputation as unreliable. As a result he does not get hired. This is a consequence of ___. stigma ___ occurs when researchers evaluate other cultures from the perspective of their own cultural standards. Ethnocentrism After Wanda was caught shoplifting, her mother was much harsher with her in all aspects of her life because she said Wanda was the bad daughter. Wanda was experiencing ___. role engulfment The legalistic approach toward deviance considers only ___ to be deviant. Crimes Which of these is an example of a moral entrepreneur? a mom volunteering for Mothers Against Drunk Drivers A politician employs illegal immigrants for housekeeping services. A nearby restaurant also employs illegal immigrants. The restaurant is fined, but the politician does NOT suffer any consequences. How would social location explain this? The politician has more power and position to resist consequences. Which statement best describes the relativist perspective of deviance? Deviant behaviors, conditions, and beliefs differ from culture to culture. Which of these is an example of visible stigma? facial disfigurement. What are types of social norms as noted by sociologists? folkways, mores, and laws After an unfortunate incident, Tim received a dishonorable discharge from the military. Dishonorable discharge is a(n) ______ label. official When there is widespread fear that public morality will collapse, ______ become a target for public anxiety. folk devils There are two steps to create public morality: the first is to generate awareness and the second is moral ___. conversion When the president admitted he had smoked marijuana in his youth, his opponents tried to use it against him, but he maintained that everyone did it in college and it was no big deal. Which stigma management technique did he use? Normalizing Which theorist was one of the first to explain how deviance varied in rates across place, time, and groups? Emile Durkheim A teenager shoplifts an expensive shirt from a store. Sociologists would most likely categorize his deviant behavior using the ______ approach. Legalistic A teenage girl is caught smoking marijuana. When asked why she did it, she claims that she isn't to blame, but rather her friends are because they told her to. This is an example of which technique of neutralization? denial of responsibility A White business executive is convicted of embezzlement but is given probation over imprisonment. A minority youth is convicted of petty theft and is sentenced to three months in jail. How would the conflict perspective explain this? the legal system tends to treat deviance by the poor and minorities as serious crimes. Which theory notes that someone is defined as deviant because others react to the person as such? Labeling A juvenile offender is caught stealing and must speak before the judge to try to get his sentence reduced. How would he accurately employ a denial of injury? by pointing out that he did not physically harm anyone. Structural functionalists believe that inequality ______. serves an important purpose in society What theory suggests that the poor could move out of poverty if they just worked harder and changed their attitudes, or as some say, "pull themselves up by their bootstraps"? culture of poverty What is the most extreme form of stratification in that it offers no chance for mobility? Slavery The Trump administration's $2.3 trillion tax cut mostly benefited ______.