NURS 255 UNIT I EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Describe the Right coronary artery (RCA)
feeds the right side of the heart
Describe the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
Feeds cardiac septum which ischemia here will cause dysrhythmias
Describe the Left Coronary Artery (LCA)
Feeds the left side of the heart and known as the "widow-maker"
How do we measure Ejection Fraction (EF)?
Echo cardiogram
Describe direct CO measurement
with a swan's catheter which is a hemodynamic monitor
Describe indirect CO measurement
How well are vital organs being perfused?
3 factors of stroke volume
preload, contractility, and afterload
Describe preload
directly related to the amount of blood coming in to the heart during diastole
Describe afterload
resistance of which the left ventricle has to overcome
List beta 1 adrenergic receptors
,chronotrope, dronotrope, and inotrope
Describe the effects of alpha 1
vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin, kidney, brain, & contraction of smooth
muscles of ureter, urethral sphincter, and uterus
Describe alpha 2 effects
inhibits release of norepinephrine which will inhibit its vasoconstrictive, +inotropic, and
+chronotropic effect
Describe norepinephrine
neurotransmitter that stimulates alpha 1 and beta 1
Describe the effects of beta 1
+chronotropic, +inotropic, +dromotropic, and increased renin effect
Describe the effects of beta 2
causes smooth muscle relaxation of the bronchus, bronchioles, and detrusor muscle
What is the biggest nerve of the PNS effecting CO?
vagus nerve
What are the roles of baroreceptors in volume overload?
inhibit SNS causing peripheral vasodilation and enhance the PNS, decreasing HR
What are the effects of baroreceptors during decreased arterial pressure?
Enhances SNS causing peripheral vasoconstriction and enhance PNS, increasing HR
Describe chemoreceptors
responds to hypercapnia causing changes in RR and BP
Describe automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility in the
conduction system
, Ability of cardiac muscle to create an electrical impulse, get excited about it, conduct it
(transmit it), and contract
Rate of SA node conduction rate
60-100
AV node conduction rate
40-60
Bundle of His conduction rate
30-40
Purkinje Fibers' conduction rate
20-30
What are the effects of HTN?
endothelial damage, increased afterload, and ventricles need more O2
Define diastolic pressure
minimal amount of pressure for capillaries to perfuse
Formula and minimum of MAP
(SBP+(2xDBP))/3 and minimal is 60
List 3 factors to systemic vascular resistance
vessel length, blood viscosity, vessel diameter and distensibility (compliance)
Describe primary HTN
idiopathic and unidentifiable causes with risk factors such as ethnicity, tobacco use,
alcohol intake, and sodium intake
Describe secondary HTN
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Describe the Right coronary artery (RCA)
feeds the right side of the heart
Describe the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
Feeds cardiac septum which ischemia here will cause dysrhythmias
Describe the Left Coronary Artery (LCA)
Feeds the left side of the heart and known as the "widow-maker"
How do we measure Ejection Fraction (EF)?
Echo cardiogram
Describe direct CO measurement
with a swan's catheter which is a hemodynamic monitor
Describe indirect CO measurement
How well are vital organs being perfused?
3 factors of stroke volume
preload, contractility, and afterload
Describe preload
directly related to the amount of blood coming in to the heart during diastole
Describe afterload
resistance of which the left ventricle has to overcome
List beta 1 adrenergic receptors
,chronotrope, dronotrope, and inotrope
Describe the effects of alpha 1
vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin, kidney, brain, & contraction of smooth
muscles of ureter, urethral sphincter, and uterus
Describe alpha 2 effects
inhibits release of norepinephrine which will inhibit its vasoconstrictive, +inotropic, and
+chronotropic effect
Describe norepinephrine
neurotransmitter that stimulates alpha 1 and beta 1
Describe the effects of beta 1
+chronotropic, +inotropic, +dromotropic, and increased renin effect
Describe the effects of beta 2
causes smooth muscle relaxation of the bronchus, bronchioles, and detrusor muscle
What is the biggest nerve of the PNS effecting CO?
vagus nerve
What are the roles of baroreceptors in volume overload?
inhibit SNS causing peripheral vasodilation and enhance the PNS, decreasing HR
What are the effects of baroreceptors during decreased arterial pressure?
Enhances SNS causing peripheral vasoconstriction and enhance PNS, increasing HR
Describe chemoreceptors
responds to hypercapnia causing changes in RR and BP
Describe automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and contractility in the
conduction system
, Ability of cardiac muscle to create an electrical impulse, get excited about it, conduct it
(transmit it), and contract
Rate of SA node conduction rate
60-100
AV node conduction rate
40-60
Bundle of His conduction rate
30-40
Purkinje Fibers' conduction rate
20-30
What are the effects of HTN?
endothelial damage, increased afterload, and ventricles need more O2
Define diastolic pressure
minimal amount of pressure for capillaries to perfuse
Formula and minimum of MAP
(SBP+(2xDBP))/3 and minimal is 60
List 3 factors to systemic vascular resistance
vessel length, blood viscosity, vessel diameter and distensibility (compliance)
Describe primary HTN
idiopathic and unidentifiable causes with risk factors such as ethnicity, tobacco use,
alcohol intake, and sodium intake
Describe secondary HTN
