NUR 2030 PATHO Final Exam Questions
And Answers Scored A+.
What is the process through which cartilage is converted into bone? - Answer ossification
What does most bone originate as? - Answer hyaline cartilage
What provides O2 and nutrients to cartilage? - Answer synovial joints
What is the difference between cortical and trabecular bone? - Answer --cortical= solid, dense bone
containing microscopic blood vessels and cavities housing osteocytes
--trabecular= is also called cancellous, non-solid bone that comprises of a meshwork of bone, making the
bone porous
What are the 3 calcium-regulating hormones and what do they do? - Answer 1. Parathyroid Hormone
(PTH): stimulates Ca to be released from bone (adds P to bone), stimulates kidneys to retain Ca,
stimulates vitamin D synthesis
2. Calcitriol: form of vitamin D which helps Ca absorption
3. Calcitonin: stimulated by hypercalcemia, enhances movement of Ca back into bone blocking bone
break down
What are osteoblasts? Secrete? Able or unable to divide? - Answer --bone-forming cells
--secrete osteoid which forms bone matrix
--begin mineralization
--UNABLE to divide
What are osteocytes? Able or unable to divide? - Answer --mature osteoblasts
,--UNABLE to divide
What are osteoclasts? - Answer --function in resorption and degradation of existing bone
What are osteoprogenitor cells? Able or unable to divide? Where are they found? - Answer --immature
cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
--DIVDE!
--found in growth plates for linear growth
What is the difference between modeling and remodeling? - Answer --Modeling: where the skeleton
grows and enlarges and osteoblastic activity predominates
--Remodeling: breakdown and renewal of bone caused by osteoclasts (balance between osteoblasts and
osteoclasts)
At what age is peak bone mass achieved? - Answer 30-35 yrs
What are fascicles? - Answer individual muscle fibers that are arranged in bundles
What are myofibrils? - Answer muscle fibers that are arranged parallel to each other
What are sarcomeres? - Answer the contractile unit of skeletal muscle (thin and thick filaments that
side over each other causing contraction)
What electrolyte is important for muscle contraction? - Answer Ca
What are the differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle? - Answer --skeletal muscle is
striated voluntary muscle control under control of the CNS and PNS
What are the differences betweens tendons, ligaments and joints? - Answer --Tendons: muscle to bone
(for motion)
, --Ligaments: bone to bone (for stability)
--Joints: space in which bones come together to provide movement and flexibility
Describe the different types of joints. - Answer --Synarthroidal: immovable (i.e. skull)
--Amphiarthroidal: slightly moveable (i.e. ribs attached to sternum)
--Diarthroidal or Synovial: freely moveable, lined with synovium, most comply affected by joint disorders,
"ball and socket", "hinge", "biaxial", bursa cushion to prevent friction on tendon over the bone
What is the difference between a sprain and strain? - Answer --Sprain: over-stretching of tendons and
ligaments w/ possible tear
--Strain: overuse of muscle; inflammatory response, more common in older adults due to decrease
elasticity
What are the different grades of a sprain? - Answer --Grade 1: mild, no tearing, no lost of joint function
--Grade 2: partial tear of ligament with obvious bruising, swelling, pain and reduced function of joint
--Grade 3: complete tear of ligament (4-6 weeks to heal!)
What are the treatments for sprains/strains? - Answer --RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
--Immobilization
--Surgery (rare)
What is a Green stick fracture? - Answer incomplete, bend in bone (common in children)
What is a comminuted fracture? - Answer more than 1 fracture with more than 2 fragments (multiple
pieces)
And Answers Scored A+.
What is the process through which cartilage is converted into bone? - Answer ossification
What does most bone originate as? - Answer hyaline cartilage
What provides O2 and nutrients to cartilage? - Answer synovial joints
What is the difference between cortical and trabecular bone? - Answer --cortical= solid, dense bone
containing microscopic blood vessels and cavities housing osteocytes
--trabecular= is also called cancellous, non-solid bone that comprises of a meshwork of bone, making the
bone porous
What are the 3 calcium-regulating hormones and what do they do? - Answer 1. Parathyroid Hormone
(PTH): stimulates Ca to be released from bone (adds P to bone), stimulates kidneys to retain Ca,
stimulates vitamin D synthesis
2. Calcitriol: form of vitamin D which helps Ca absorption
3. Calcitonin: stimulated by hypercalcemia, enhances movement of Ca back into bone blocking bone
break down
What are osteoblasts? Secrete? Able or unable to divide? - Answer --bone-forming cells
--secrete osteoid which forms bone matrix
--begin mineralization
--UNABLE to divide
What are osteocytes? Able or unable to divide? - Answer --mature osteoblasts
,--UNABLE to divide
What are osteoclasts? - Answer --function in resorption and degradation of existing bone
What are osteoprogenitor cells? Able or unable to divide? Where are they found? - Answer --immature
cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
--DIVDE!
--found in growth plates for linear growth
What is the difference between modeling and remodeling? - Answer --Modeling: where the skeleton
grows and enlarges and osteoblastic activity predominates
--Remodeling: breakdown and renewal of bone caused by osteoclasts (balance between osteoblasts and
osteoclasts)
At what age is peak bone mass achieved? - Answer 30-35 yrs
What are fascicles? - Answer individual muscle fibers that are arranged in bundles
What are myofibrils? - Answer muscle fibers that are arranged parallel to each other
What are sarcomeres? - Answer the contractile unit of skeletal muscle (thin and thick filaments that
side over each other causing contraction)
What electrolyte is important for muscle contraction? - Answer Ca
What are the differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle? - Answer --skeletal muscle is
striated voluntary muscle control under control of the CNS and PNS
What are the differences betweens tendons, ligaments and joints? - Answer --Tendons: muscle to bone
(for motion)
, --Ligaments: bone to bone (for stability)
--Joints: space in which bones come together to provide movement and flexibility
Describe the different types of joints. - Answer --Synarthroidal: immovable (i.e. skull)
--Amphiarthroidal: slightly moveable (i.e. ribs attached to sternum)
--Diarthroidal or Synovial: freely moveable, lined with synovium, most comply affected by joint disorders,
"ball and socket", "hinge", "biaxial", bursa cushion to prevent friction on tendon over the bone
What is the difference between a sprain and strain? - Answer --Sprain: over-stretching of tendons and
ligaments w/ possible tear
--Strain: overuse of muscle; inflammatory response, more common in older adults due to decrease
elasticity
What are the different grades of a sprain? - Answer --Grade 1: mild, no tearing, no lost of joint function
--Grade 2: partial tear of ligament with obvious bruising, swelling, pain and reduced function of joint
--Grade 3: complete tear of ligament (4-6 weeks to heal!)
What are the treatments for sprains/strains? - Answer --RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
--Immobilization
--Surgery (rare)
What is a Green stick fracture? - Answer incomplete, bend in bone (common in children)
What is a comminuted fracture? - Answer more than 1 fracture with more than 2 fragments (multiple
pieces)
