Psychology 1100 Exam 1 Actual Real Questions With Accurate Verified Answers Guaranteed Pass.

What are some things in psychology that scientists have disproven? - correct answer - Aristotle: the brain was for cooling the blood; the heart was for thinking. - We can run just 1 study and figure out the absolute truth of human cognition and behavior (reliability test) Why is science messy? - correct answer 1. Philosophically: Nothing discovered through experience is guaranteed to be true. 2. Everything we discover through science we discover through experience. Therefore: Nothing discovered through science is guaranteed to be true. Remember: Scientists are people first All observations are theory-laden. The scientific process helps us overcome our biases. What is gradual triangulation? - correct answer - Measures, observations, methods, and reasoning can all have different strengths, weaknesses, and error - We "triangulate" through multiple techniques, testing different ideas in different ways, always questioning, and learning from history What are the origins of psychology? - correct answer Word is Greek and means: the study of the soul - No distinction between the mind and the soul or spirit - Originally, topics related to psychology were considered to be part of philosophy - In the 1800s, psychology became its own proper area of academic interest What is structuralism? - correct answer - Created in 1870s by Wilhelm Wundt (the father of experimental psychology) - It is the study of the structure or characteristics of the mind - An early scientific study of conscious experience that relied on introspection (the process by which people carefully instruct on how to analyze their own thoughts under strict training) - A problem with structuralism is that it failed to replicate, people were very different from person to person and it was hard to quantify - Also studied reaction times (studied how long it takes someone to react to a stimulus), people would press a button when they saw a light turn on and the time it took to press the button would be the reaction time What is functionalism? - correct answer - Created in late 1800s and early 1900s by William James (the father of American psychology) - It is the study of how the mind helps an organism behave within its environment - Studied the functional role of behavior by studying mind and behavior as a whole rather than by isolating (like structuralism) - Combined introspection and objective measures (like reaction time and physiology) - He studied how the inner ear affects the vestibular sense (staying up right) - He claims: Truth was a belief that helped people to adapt to their environment What is psychoanalytic theory? - correct answer - Freud came up with this theory.. not going to study him this semester What is behaviorism? - correct answer - Emerged from related work by a variety of researchers in the early to middle 1900s - Behaviorism: the study of observable, measurable behavior - Rejected any study of internal processes - Typically focused on learning, especially classical and operant conditioning - Often focused on studying animals Explain Behaviorism paradigms: Classical conditioning - correct answer - You begin with an unconditioned response (salivation of a dog in response to food) - And then you have a neutral stimulus that you want to get the dog to salivate to like whistle instead of food, and to do this you would blow the whistle and offer the food at the same time Explain Behaviorism Paradigms: Operant conditioning - correct answer Consequences are associated with a voluntary behavior - rewards introduced to increase behavior - punishment to decrease behavior What is the cognitive revolution? - correct answer - A gradual movement started in the 1950s and 1960s - Chomsky (linguist and political scientist) as prominent member but not its sole founder - It is an interdisciplinary movement to bring back scientific study of the mind and consciousness - Eventually led to the creation of cognitive science (the interdisciplinary study of intelligent behavior) - Includes a variety of empirical and theoretical methods from philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, psychology, neuroscience and artificial intelligence. What is post-cognitivism? - correct answer - A movement in psychology born out of reaction to the cognitive revolution - Interdisciplinary movement that includes more than just 1 theory - Prominent thinkers include Dreyfus - It is any theory of psychology emphasizing the importance of complex brain-body-environment interactions - Behavior is an outgrowth of specific organism with a specific physical form and a specific cognitive capabilities moving within a specific physical and social environmentat - Fights the "brain as computer" metaphor - Combines ideas and research methods from psychology, philosphy, biology, ecology, chaos theory, nonlinear mathematics, and more How is psychology being diversified? Why is it important? - correct answer - Mostly a white, straight, and male perspective on psychology until the 1960s - Theories often included racist, homophobic, transphobic, and misogynist views (sometimes thinly disguised with junk science) that have since been empirically debunked - Feminist and civil rights movements started providing a more prominent path for women and people of color - including feminist psychology and multicultural psychology - In the 1990s, lesbian and gay psychology began to challenge psychology to broaden views on sexuality and gender