PSYCH 216 Exam 1 | Questions and Answers

PSYCH 216 Exam 1 | Questions and Answers What would be studied based on cognitive development? Problem Solving An individual's ability to adapt by using hearing more than sight is a sign of ______. plasticity What are nonnormative influences? things that happen outside of predictable developmental progression When lifespan developmental psychologists discuss development, they are exploring ______. what happens as people grow and change People manufacture their own development by ______. engaging with their environments A student graduating from high school and immediately moving away from home is an example of ______ development. Discontinuous Which would constitute nature influence on development? the development of a genetic disorder Most developmental scientists agree that nature is more influential on a person's development than nurture. T/F False When researchers look for relationships between two or more variables without seeking to prove causation, they are engaging in ______. correlational research Fact about the scientific method? Hypotheses and findings are shared publicly. What is naturalistic observation? Behavior is observed and recorded without manipulation. Which type of research asks predetermined questions but is also open to additional questions in order to get participants to expand on their answers? open-ended interview Child is encouraged to pursue a skill in which he or she has shown interest evocative gene-environment correlation Child seeks out resources for an interest or skill active gene-environment correlation Parents provide genes and environment to encourage a given skill or behavior passive gene-environment correlation What refers to how much a variation in a given characteristic among a population is the result of genetic differences? Epigenetics The epigenome instructs genes in how they are expressed. T/F True What is true about canalization? It limits the number of outcomes based on heredity. A researcher looks at the similarities between birth parents and their adopted children. What is this researcher looking at? Canalization Why does a blastocyst implant onto the cell wall of the uterus? to anchor the placenta The ______ is considered the main organ of exchange. Placenta What term refers to medical care provided to mother and child prior to the delivery of the infant? prenatal care What does the neural tube develop into? central nervous system When does ovulation occur in a woman's normal cycle? immediately before menstruation Which parenting style can be considered a form of child maltreatment at its extreme? Uninvolved Why are child maltreatment statistics unreliable? Many child maltreatment cases remain undiscovered and unreported. Who is most often the perpetrator of child maltreatment? a parent Who is a mandated reporter required to report suspected child maltreatment? a nurse who sees unexplained injuries on a child Sleep deficits are associated with learning insufficiencies. T/F True Lateralization refers to the ______. different specialized functions of the two hemispheres of the brain A person needs to hear language to develop neural connections that increase one's ability to hear and understand. This process is referred to as ______. experience-expectant brain development When experience has a powerful influence on brain development, it is called ______. a sensitive period Which is true about the sense of touch in infants? A fetus will respond to a pain stimulus by the 30th week of gestation. At birth, the process of learning language is facilitated through ______. Listening Considering visual acuity, which would appeal to a newborn the most? A ball with thick black and white stripes. Which statement accurately compares sensation and perception? Sensation is detection, and perception is identification. Which statement aligns with the core knowledge perspective? Infants are born with innate knowledge systems. According to Piaget, if an infant encounters a new object that does not fit her schema, this will lead to an adaptation, and ______ will occur. Accommodation During which sensorimotor substage does an infant typically exhibit object permanence? Substage 4: coordination of secondary circular reactions According to Piaget, which occurs when an infant's schemas match reality? cognitive equilibrium Which of the following occurs when an infant continues to look for a toy that is hidden under a blanket? object permanence Which concept is central to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory? Scaffolding The sociocultural perspective proposes that learning ______. responds to cultural contexts Young children fail appearance-reality tasks because they are incapable of ______. dual encoding Which task is mastered when a child identifies that a cup of juice has the same amount even though it has been poured into another container? Animism Stranger wariness is influenced by the mother's anxiety level. T/F True Which of the following milestones describes a 6-month-old infant grinning each time he sees his father? social smile Which of the following is a basic emotion? Happiness An infant falls and then looks for her father's reaction before deciding how she should react. This is an example of ______. social referencing Which of the following is true of infant temperament and mothers? The mother's beliefs and expectations impact infant temperament. An infant becomes very irritable when his nap routine changes slightly. The infant is exhibiting a(n) ______ temperament. Difficult If parents are irritable and moody, then the infant will ______. have trouble adjusting as she develops An infant exhibits an ability to self-regulate and focus. Which temperament does this describe? effortful control When children use pretend play, it influences emotional development as they ______. learn to express their feelings How would a child raised within a collectivist culture likely display prosocial behavior when giving out candy to a group of other children? by distributing the candy equally so no one feels left out Which of the following is taking place when a child comforts another because they understand what the other child is experiencing? Empathy ______ is another term for instrumental assistance. Tangible help Neurogenesis birth of neurons through cell division Arborization enormous increase in size and complexity of dendritic tree Myelination Growth of myelin sheath Synaptogenesis neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections Synapse elimination more neural connections than needed, eliminated by synaptic pruning Experience-expectant processes of brain development that seem to anticipate experiences that are universal in all normally developing members of our species Experience-dependent brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and therefore may or may not develop in a particular person Habituation decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. Face perception Infants show an interest in human faces soon after birth. Theory of mind people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.