PSYCH 2170 Educational Psychology (Ch 1-5) | Complete Solutions (Verified)

PSYCH 2170 Educational Psychology (Ch 1-5) | Complete Solutions (Verified) Considering the research findings described in the textbook, only one of the following is a true statement. Which one is true? A)Repeating something over and over is usually the most effective way to learn it. B)Students often study differently for different kinds of classroom assessments C)Girls have a noticeable advantage over boys on verbal tasks. D)For optimal performance, students should never feel the least bit anxious in the classroom. Considering the research findings described in the textbook, only one of the following is a true statement. Which one is true? A)Students are usually the best judges of what they do and do not know. B)Most experts discourage teachers from having children tutor one another. C)Mathematics is almost exclusively a left‐brain activity; music is largely a right‐brain activity. D)Students who see a classmate rewarded for doing something may engage in the same behavior themselves. Which one of the following is the best example of elaboration? A)Logan copies a friendʹs answers to last nightʹs homework assignment. B)Sharon automatically knows how to study effectively for an upcoming history test. C)Melissa makes up stories to help her remember the various species she studies in biology. D)Rosie repeats the spelling of each word several times the night before her spelling test. Which one of the following teaching practices is definitely an example of evidence‐based practice? A)A high school art teacher encourages students to choose a medium (e.g., clay, watercolor paints) that they can best use to express themselves. B)A fourth-grade teacher uses a reading program that research has shown to be effective for fourth graders. C)A kindergarten teacher asks students to bring something from home that begins with the letter B. D) A seventh-grade science teacher asks students to conduct experiments in which they must determine which one of several variables makes a pendulum swing fast or more slowly. Which one of the following is the best example of qualitative research? A)Interviewing middle school students about cliques at their school B)Looking at school attendance records to identify potential school dropouts C)Comparing average achievement test scores for students at three different schools D) Finding out how long it takes 6‐year‐olds to assemble challenging picture puzzles Which one of the following conclusions could be drawn from a descriptive study? A)Concrete experiences help students understand abstract ideas better. B)Students are more likely to appreciate classical music if they are exposed to it on a regular basis. C)Approximately 80% of the students at Southside High School are planning to go to college. D)Students do better in school when they have warm, supportive relationships with their teachers. A study that tells us whether two variables are associated, but does not tell us if one variable causes or influences the other, is: A) An experimental study without a control group B) A correlational study C)A descriptive study D) An experimental study with one or more control group Which one of the following statements about educational research is true? A)Experimental research can be conducted only in the laboratory under somewhat artificial conditions. B) Correlational research is more difficult and time‐consuming than experimental research. C)Experimental research allows us to draw cause-and-effect conclusions. D)Descriptive research gives us the most information for making decisions about teaching practice Experimental research requires which one of the following? A) Being able to predict two or more variables B) Studying behavior in an actual classroom environment C) Manipulating an aspect of the environment D) Describing every variable in the study in considerable detail In general, experimental studies have which one of the following advantages over descriptive and correlational studies? A) Only experimental studies allow us to identify the possible factors influencing behavior. B) Only experimental studies allow us to analyze data statistically and therefore arrive at precise results. C) Only experimental studies enable us to draw accurate conclusions. D) Only experimental studies allow us to be specific about our teaching objectives. A research study finds that students who weigh more do better in school. Which one of the following is an appropriate deduction from this information? A) The school cafeteria should decrease the fat content of the food it serves. B) On average, students who eat more do better in school. C)There is a correlation between weight and classroom performance. D) Parents should feed their children as much as possible. A researcher is interested in the possible effect of teacher-student ratios on studentsʹ learning. She finds 10 fifth‐grade classrooms with 30-40 students per class and 10 others with 15-25 students per class. She discovers that there is a correlation between class size and student achievement. Which one of the following conclusions can we draw from this study? A) Class size can help us predict school achievement. B) Classes should be as small as is reasonably possible. C) Classes should be as large as is reasonably possible. D) The researcher has conducted a descriptive study. Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn only from an experimental study? A) Children grow taller as they get older. B) Drugs administered during childbirth affect a child’s early development. C) Boys are more likely to show aggressive behavior than girls. D) Children’s muscular coordination improves as they grow older Imagine you are an educational researcher who wants to learn about the type of psychological atmosphere in which middle school students feel most comfortable and best able to concentrate on their studies. You plan to look at a wide variety of factors that might contribute to such an atmosphere—both physical factors (e.g., cleanliness and colorfulness of the school building) and social factors (e.g., teacher-student relationships, general tolerance for diverse behaviors and beliefs). You realize that students might identify important factors that you yourself havenʹt even thought of. In this situation, your best choice would probably be: A) A descriptive, quantitative study B) A qualitative study C) An experimental study with one treatment group and one control group D) An experimental study with at least three treatment groups Mr. Jacobs wants to find out whether a new program for teaching physical education promotes studentsʹ physical development. He gives his students a number of tests before they begin the program (pretests) and the same tests again after they have been in the program for eight months (posttests). He finds that the studentsʹ posttest scores are higher than their pretest scores and so concludes that the program is effective. What is definitely wrong with Mr. Jacobsʹ conclusion? A) There are other possible explanations for his results. B) The posttests should always be different from the pretests. C) Tests are not a good measure of physical development. D) Eight months is too short a time for such a program to have a long‐term effect. Dr. Kenney conducts a study in which she gives some students (chosen randomly) logically organized learning material; she gives other students the same material presented in a haphazard, unpredictable sequence. She finds that students with the organized material remember more. This study can best be described as: A) A correlational study B) A descriptive study C)An experimental study D) A theoretical stud A French teacher reads an article about how visual imagery (i.e., ʺpicturingʺ things in oneʹs mind) can be used to help students learn French vocabulary words. To find out if visual imagery is more effective than verbal repetition in learning vocabulary words, she develops two different study guides for her students—one that tells students how to use visual imagery to learn French words, and one that tells them just to repeat the words over and over again—and randomly distributes the two study guides to her students. Over the next few weeks, the teacher finds that students using visual imagery study guides achieve higher average quiz scores. She concludes that the study guides describing the visual imagery technique help her students learn their French vocabulary words. Is the teachers conclusion valid? A)No, because her experiment wasnʹt conducted in a laboratory. B)Yes, because she was able to manipulate a variable in the environment. C)Yes, because her students probably all had similar IQ scores. D) No, because she used random assignment Mr. Jones, a physical education teacher, notices that some of his students are better basketball players than others. He wonders if having a basketball net at home fosters the development of basketball skills. He gives his students a short survey that asks them if they have a basketball net at home. Sure enough, Mr. Jones finds that the better basketball players are more likely to have a net at home. He concludes that having a basketball net at home facilitates the development of basketball skills. Is his conclusion appropriate? A) No, because he didnʹt conduct an experimental study. B) Yes, because he used random assignment. C)No, because his study wasnʹt conducted in a scientific laboratory. D)Yes, provided that his students responded truthfully to the survey. Dr. Lesgold finds that students in private schools perform better on achievement tests than do students in public schools. He can conclude that: A)The difference is probably due to differences in family income. B)The difference is probably due to the fact that private schools are more likely to ʺteach to the test.ʺ C)Studentsʹ achievement test scores can be predicted to some extent by the kind of school they attend. D)The difference is probably due to the fact that private schools have smaller classes. Judging from the textbooks discussion of educational research, which one of the following would be the best course of action for teachers to take? A)Teachers should focus on research that relates to a single theoretical perspective (such as Piagetʹs theory or information processing theory). B)Teachers should always go with their common sense and ʺgutʺ feelings about how to teach, regardless of any research findings to the contrary. C)Teachers shouldn’t take research findings very seriously, because there are too many ʺholesʺ in what we know from research. D)Teachers can use findings from educational research to guide their classroom decision making. In educational psychology, a theory can best be characterized as: A)An objective measure of how a person behaves in a particular situation B)A statement that describes how a particular variable affects learning or development C)A description of the results of a particular research study D)An explanation of how and why learning or development occurs Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding psychological theories? A) Theories are continually modified as new data emerge. B)Theories will eventually be replaced by physiological (brain‐based) explanations of behavior. C)Theories have been proven to be true. D)Any single theory can be used to explain virtually every aspect of human behavior As the textbook points out, assessment in the classroom can take a variety of forms. Three of the following are examples of assessment in the classroom. Which one definitely does not, in and of itself, illustrate assessment? A)A teacher sees her students growing increasingly restless during a lengthy lecture. B)A teacher asks students to write an essay describing the pros and cons of a free enterprise system. C)A teacher decides to use a new approach to teach science this year. D)A teacher observes that Lani rarely interacts with her classmates during recess. Judging from the textbooks discussion of assessment, we can best think of classroom assessment practices as mechanisms and procedures that: A)Give us hard, indisputable facts that we can use to assign grades B)Enable us to form tentative hypotheses about what students know and can do C)Allow us to draw conclusions about how studentsʹ motives and personality traits affect their classroom performance D)Are most likely to be accurate when they take the form of paper-pencil tests Which one of the following is the best example of action research? A)A graduate student quietly observes adolescentsʹ behaviors in the school cafeteria. He plans to describe his observations in his masters thesis. B)A teacher gives her students a questionnaire that asks them to describe how often they study and what kinds of strategies they use when they study. She will use the results to develop several lessons on effective study skills. C)A college professor recruits sixth graders to come to his lab, where she assesses their responses and reaction times in a variety of challenging problem‐solving tasks. Her results will help her refine the theory of problem solving she has been developing. D)All of the school districts in a particular state are instructed to give the same mathematics achievement test to their high school juniors. The average test scores for each district will be presented in a report that will be released to the general public. Which one of the following alternatives best illustrates action research? A)A university professor and two of her graduate students conduct systematic observations of kindergartens turn‐taking behaviors on the playground. B)A high school principal conducts a survey to find out what kinds of after‐school activities students would most like to have available at their school. C)After a first‐grade teacher completes a research project for her masters thesis, she presents her findings at a national teaching conference. D)A middle school math teacher gives his students quizzes every Friday because he knows that frequent quizzes will encourage students to study regularly. As a beginning teacher, you may sometimes find yourself overwhelmed by the many decisions you will have to make on a daily basis. The situation will improve over time, however, because: A)Most students know that they should behave when they have an older and more experienced teacher B)As you gain experience, you will be able to make some classroom decisions more quickly and easily C)Children are typically more calm and cooperative during the winter months than they are in the fall D)Fellow teachers are usually more helpful and supportive later in the school year, after they’ve gotten to know you better. Which one of the following is the best example of a teachers pedagogical content knowledge? A)Knowing several effective ways to teach students about negative numbers B)Making a reasonable guess as to why a particular student misbehaves just before lunch time every day C)Knowing what researchers have discovered about the effectiveness of discovery‐learning approaches to instruction D) Understanding why water expands when it freezes Which one of the following high school teachers clearly has high self‐efficacy about his or her teaching? A)Ms. Crosby insists that students complete their math homework using a particular format. B)Mr. Driver is confident that he can get even seemingly ʺunmotivatedʺ students excited about science. C)Mr. Abbot thinks that teaching is simply a matter of reading textbook passages aloud to his history class. D)Ms. Bouthot has a hypothesis about why some students in her English class rarely turn in their assignments The textbook offers several suggestions for studying a textbook effectively. Which one of the following is not necessarily recommended? A) Draw inferences from the things you read. B)Occasionally stop and check to make sure you understand. C)Relate new ideas to things you already know. D) Take detailed notes on the books content. Which of the following reflects class inclusion as Piaget described it? Realizing that things that are cars can also be vehicles Three of the following teaching practices are consistent with Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Which one is not? A second grade teacher encourages students to speculate about possible explanations as to why kites can fly and then to test each explanation systematically. Choose the statement below that most accurately reflects research findings concerning Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The order in which various logical thinking capabilities emerge is consistent with the sequence that Piaget proposes. Several parents who are making costumes for an elementary school play ask the young cast members to assist them with such tasks as cutting fabric, pinning pieces together, and sewing simple hems. Using the language of Vygotskian theorists, we can say that the parents are: Engaging the students in guided participation Which one of the following statements best captures the nature of cognitive academic language proficiency in describing English language learners? An ability to learn as well as native English speakers in English-only classrooms Which one of the following statements best illustrates a universal in development as developmentalists define the term? Young children show similar patterns in their language development regardless of the specific language that they learn. Which one of the following students is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development? Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do. Emily's mother is a doctor. According to bioecological systems theory, the hospital and the people she works with all have some influence on Emily's development and are part of Emily's: Exosystem Which one of the following statements best illustrates a neo-Piagetian approach to cognitive development? Rather than involving general stages of increasingly advanced reasoning processes, children's cognitive development may involve discrete stages in particular content domains. Which strategy is most likely to be effective in promoting students' vocabulary development? Teaching students the meanings of words related to topics they are studying Kiley is having trouble learning the steps involved in using a microscope correctly. If we consider Vygotsky's description of how children help themselves through difficult tasks, we should suggest that Kiley: talk herself through the steps. Eight-year-old Julie lives in a rural area where many people are farmers or in some other way make their living through agriculture. After a lengthy summer drought, it begins to rain heavily one day in late July. "Thank goodness!" Julie hears her father exclaim. "Our prayers have finally been answered!" Julie makes a mental note of the cause-and-effect relationship her father has implied. This situation illustrates Vygotsky's belief that: adults pass along to children the ways in which their culture interprets events LaWanda understands that a single sentence can sometimes be interpreted in two or more ways. For example, she realizes that the sentence "I know more beautiful women than Miss America" has two possible interpretations: "I know women who are more beautiful than Miss America is" or "I know more beautiful women than Miss America knows." LaWanda's appreciation for the double meanings of some sentences reflects: metalinguistic awareness Three of the following statements are consistent with Vygotsky's views about the kinds of diversity we are likely to see in students. Which statement is not consistent with Vygotsky's theory? Some children frequently engage in self-talk, whereas other children don't use it at all. Which one of the following teachers is definitely keeping in mind Piaget's idea that assimilation and accommodation are both necessary for learning and cognitive development to occur? Mr. Baretta shows students how a new topic is similar to the things they already know, but also different in certain ways. Which one of the following best describes how neurons transmit messages to one another? By sending chemical substances across a tiny gap between them Imagine you are a third-grade teacher. Considering Piaget's theory of cognitive development, you should expect most or all of your students to exhibit ________ thinking. concrete operational Olivia understands why 3/5 and 9/15 are equivalent fractions. Based on this information, from Piaget's perspective Olivia is probably in the ________ stage of development. formal operations Given what we know about children's language development, which one of the following problems is typical for the grade level? A first grader pronounces the word rabbit as "wabbit." If we want to promote perspective taking in our students, probably the best strategy is to: engage them in discussions in which they express diverse points of view. Authoritative parents can best be characterized as having which type of relationship with their children? High expectations, loving support, and shared decision making An authoritarian parenting style is seen in which one of the following examples involving junior high school students? Molly's parents are very strict, letting her know their high expectations and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules. Dallas and his friends think that Billy is "grouchy" simply because Billy never says anything to them. They don't consider other possible reasons why Billy isn't more outgoing. If we take developmental trends in perspective taking into account, we would suspect that Dallas and his friends are at what grade level? In middle school Anita's idea of how to interact with her classmates is to tease or insult them. Not surprisingly, she has few friends. Her teacher can best help her by: explicitly teaching her more effective ways to interact with her peers. Peer relationships, like parent-child relationships, are essential to a child's development. Which one of the following is not one of the ways that peer relationships influence the developing child? Peers are the first individuals to whom a child becomes truly attached. If we consider Erikson's theory of personal development, which one of the following issues would we expect secondary students to be most concerned about? Trying to decide who they really are and the role they will play in adult society When asked which students they would most like to do things with, most middle school students choose classmates who: are cooperate and sensitive At a Parent Teacher Association (PTA) meeting at your school, several parents complain about the moral decline of today's youth and argue that the school should be giving regular lectures about the importance of honesty, loyalty, generosity, and so on. If the teachers and school administrators are up to date on research regarding moral development, they should respond by saying that such lectures: would do little if anything to promote moral behavior. Three of the following strategies are likely to promote moral development. Which one, although possibly appropriate in certain situations, is not likely to promote students' moral development? Making sure that students know who is "boss" in the classroom