CCJ 3011 questions and
answers (GUARANTEED
SUCCESS)
Sociological Theories - answer A group of perspectives that focus on the
nature of the power relationships that exist between social groups and on
the influences that various social phenomena bring to bear on the types of
behaviors that tend to characterize groups of people.
What are the three major sociological approaches to crime causation? -
answer Social Structure, Social Process, and Social Conflict
Social Structure - answer -explain crime by reference to some aspect of
the social fabric
- see formal and informal arrangements between social groups as the root
causes of crime and deviance
-negative aspects of societal structures produce criminal behavior.
ex.disorganized families, poverty, income inequality
What are the three Social structure theories? - answer Social
Disorganization Theory, Culture Conflict Theory, and Strain Theory
Social Disorganization Theory - answer Highlights the role that the
breakdown of social institutions, such as the family, the economy,
education, and religion, play in crime causation
The Chicago School - answer An ecological approach to explaining crime
that examined how social disorganization contributes to social pathology.
Rapid influx of immigrant populations at the beginning of the 20th
century, American cities were caught up in swift social change, and Park
and Burgess saw in them an ideal focus for the study of social
disorganization
,Social Pathology (Chicago School:Parks and Burgess) - answer A concept
that compares society to a physical organism and that sees criminality as
an illness or a disease that may produce deviant behavior among
individuals and groups who live under or are exposed to such social
conditions
When may social disorganization and social pathology arise? (Chicago
School:Parks and Burgess) - answer When a group is faced with social
change, uneven development of culture, maladaptation, disharmony,
conflict and lack of conscience
Social Ecology (Chicago School:Parks and Burgess) - answer An approach
to criminological theorizing that attempts to link the structure and
organization of a human community to interactions with its localized
environment
Parks & Burgess view of cities in terms of concentric zones. (Chicago
School:Parks and Burgess) - answer Each zone had its unique
characteristics wherein unique populations and typical forms of behavior
could be found.
5 concentric zones:
1-loop
2-Factory Zone
3-Zone in transition/Ghetto/Slum
4-Zone of Working class-homes/Second Immigration Settlement
5-Residential Zone/Single-family dwellings
Cultural Transmission (Shaw & McKay) in relation to social disorganization
theory - answer Through a process of social communication, the
transmission of delinquency through successive generations of people
living in the same area
Conducted studies of arrest rates for juveniles in Chicago in 1900-1906,
1917-1923, & 1927-1933.
Associated with high rates of neighborhood transition,
Rates of offending remained relatively constant over time within zones of
transition
, Concluded that delinquency was caused by the nature of the environment
in which immigrants lived rather than by some characteristic of the
immigrant groups themselves
Chicago Schools formulation of the use of two sources of information
(Chicago School:Parks and Burgess) - answer 1.Official crime and
population statistics - Population statistics when combined with crime
information, provided material that gave scientific weight to ecological
investigations.
2.Ethnographic data - Gathered in the form of life stories, or
ethnographies, described the lives of city inhabitants
What were researchers able to show when comparing Official crime and
population statistics and ethnographic data. (Chicago School:Parks and
Burgess) - answer Researchers were able to show that life experience
varied from one location to another and that personal involvement in
crime had a strong tendency to be associated with place of residence.
Criminology of Place - answer -Modern rebirth of ecological theories
-emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural
features as they are associated with the prevalence of victimization
-Hot Spots
-A study revealed that 3% of places (addresses and intersections) in
Minneapolis produce 50% of all calls to the police
Rodney Stark development of the theory of deviant neighborhoods -
answer 1. To the extent that neighborhoods are dense and poor, homes
will be crowded.
2. Where homes are more crowded, there will be a greater tendency to
congregate outside the home in places and circumstances that raise levels
of temptation and offer opportunity to deviate.
3. Where homes are more crowded, there will be lower levels of
supervision of children.
4. Reduced levels of child supervision will result in poor school
achievement, with a consequent reduction in stakes in conformity and an
increase in deviant behavior.
5. Poor, dense neighborhoods tend to be mixed-use neighborhoods.
answers (GUARANTEED
SUCCESS)
Sociological Theories - answer A group of perspectives that focus on the
nature of the power relationships that exist between social groups and on
the influences that various social phenomena bring to bear on the types of
behaviors that tend to characterize groups of people.
What are the three major sociological approaches to crime causation? -
answer Social Structure, Social Process, and Social Conflict
Social Structure - answer -explain crime by reference to some aspect of
the social fabric
- see formal and informal arrangements between social groups as the root
causes of crime and deviance
-negative aspects of societal structures produce criminal behavior.
ex.disorganized families, poverty, income inequality
What are the three Social structure theories? - answer Social
Disorganization Theory, Culture Conflict Theory, and Strain Theory
Social Disorganization Theory - answer Highlights the role that the
breakdown of social institutions, such as the family, the economy,
education, and religion, play in crime causation
The Chicago School - answer An ecological approach to explaining crime
that examined how social disorganization contributes to social pathology.
Rapid influx of immigrant populations at the beginning of the 20th
century, American cities were caught up in swift social change, and Park
and Burgess saw in them an ideal focus for the study of social
disorganization
,Social Pathology (Chicago School:Parks and Burgess) - answer A concept
that compares society to a physical organism and that sees criminality as
an illness or a disease that may produce deviant behavior among
individuals and groups who live under or are exposed to such social
conditions
When may social disorganization and social pathology arise? (Chicago
School:Parks and Burgess) - answer When a group is faced with social
change, uneven development of culture, maladaptation, disharmony,
conflict and lack of conscience
Social Ecology (Chicago School:Parks and Burgess) - answer An approach
to criminological theorizing that attempts to link the structure and
organization of a human community to interactions with its localized
environment
Parks & Burgess view of cities in terms of concentric zones. (Chicago
School:Parks and Burgess) - answer Each zone had its unique
characteristics wherein unique populations and typical forms of behavior
could be found.
5 concentric zones:
1-loop
2-Factory Zone
3-Zone in transition/Ghetto/Slum
4-Zone of Working class-homes/Second Immigration Settlement
5-Residential Zone/Single-family dwellings
Cultural Transmission (Shaw & McKay) in relation to social disorganization
theory - answer Through a process of social communication, the
transmission of delinquency through successive generations of people
living in the same area
Conducted studies of arrest rates for juveniles in Chicago in 1900-1906,
1917-1923, & 1927-1933.
Associated with high rates of neighborhood transition,
Rates of offending remained relatively constant over time within zones of
transition
, Concluded that delinquency was caused by the nature of the environment
in which immigrants lived rather than by some characteristic of the
immigrant groups themselves
Chicago Schools formulation of the use of two sources of information
(Chicago School:Parks and Burgess) - answer 1.Official crime and
population statistics - Population statistics when combined with crime
information, provided material that gave scientific weight to ecological
investigations.
2.Ethnographic data - Gathered in the form of life stories, or
ethnographies, described the lives of city inhabitants
What were researchers able to show when comparing Official crime and
population statistics and ethnographic data. (Chicago School:Parks and
Burgess) - answer Researchers were able to show that life experience
varied from one location to another and that personal involvement in
crime had a strong tendency to be associated with place of residence.
Criminology of Place - answer -Modern rebirth of ecological theories
-emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural
features as they are associated with the prevalence of victimization
-Hot Spots
-A study revealed that 3% of places (addresses and intersections) in
Minneapolis produce 50% of all calls to the police
Rodney Stark development of the theory of deviant neighborhoods -
answer 1. To the extent that neighborhoods are dense and poor, homes
will be crowded.
2. Where homes are more crowded, there will be a greater tendency to
congregate outside the home in places and circumstances that raise levels
of temptation and offer opportunity to deviate.
3. Where homes are more crowded, there will be lower levels of
supervision of children.
4. Reduced levels of child supervision will result in poor school
achievement, with a consequent reduction in stakes in conformity and an
increase in deviant behavior.
5. Poor, dense neighborhoods tend to be mixed-use neighborhoods.
